Tissue engineering

Question 1

What is biocompatibility?

Answer 1

A moderate (ideally the absence of) inflamatory response to biomaterials

Question 2

Why do we need to know a biomaterial mechanical strength?

Answer 2

Every cell respond differently to different biomaterial’s mechanical properties

Question 3

Tissue engineering aims to develop biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function. Are the tissue substitutes identical to the native tissue?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

What do we need to start a tissue engineering project?

Answer 4

Cells, scaffold signalling molecules and bioreactor

Question 5

What are autologous cells?

Answer 5

Cells from the same person that needs new cells

Question 6

What are allogenic cells?

Answer 6

Cells from a body from the same species

Question 7

What are xenogenic cells?

Answer 7

Cells from a different species

Question 8

What are syngenic cells?

Answer 8

Cells from a genetically identical person

Question 9

What are primary cells?

Answer 9

Cells from any organism

Question 10

What are secondary cells?

Answer 10

Cells from a cell bank

Question 11

What are stem cells?

Answer 11

Undifferentiated cells

Question 12

When attempting to grow new tissue, what is the most challenging aspect?

Answer 12

To create blood vessels

Question 13

What is in vitro tissue engineering?

Answer 13

The fabrication of tissue outside the body using cells, scaffolds and bioreactor

Question 14

What is in vivo tissue engineering?

Answer 14

The fabrication of tissue inside the body, using the body as a bioreactor

Question 15

What is in situ tissue engineering?

Answer 15

The fabrication of tissue inside the body using the body regenerative capability

Question 16

All tissues can regenerate?

Answer 16

False

Question 17

All tissues can be engineered?

Answer 17

False

Question 18

Tissues produced in vitro are easily implanted in vivo?

Answer 18

False

Question 19

Tissues produced in vitro are easily remodeled in vivo?

Answer 19

False

Question 20

What is regenerative medicine?

Answer 20

Production of tissue in the body by implanting a biomaterials

Question 21

Is it correct that, in tissue engineering one can evaluate the engineered tissue before impantation?

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

Is it correct that, in tissue engineering to incorporate the engineered tissue there is a need for remodeling

Answer 22

Yes

Question 23

Is it correct that, in tissue engineering Stress-induced architecture cannot be produced?

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

The engineered tissue benefits from endogenous regulators in regenerative medicine, is that correct?

Answer 24

Yes

Question 25

In regenerative medicine, The new tissue is easily disloged, is that correct?

Answer 25

Yes

Question 26

In regenerative medicine, the new tissue is easily degraded?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

The modern approach to build scaffolds, bottom-up instead of top-down, can address a few of the current challenges in tissue engineering. In you own reasoning which one of those challenges is the most important to address?

Answer 27

Low vascularization

Question 28

Control the extracellular matrix, control the...

Answer 28

...tissue

Question 29

What does the ECM promote?

Answer 29

A unique microenvironment that fosters tissue organisation

Question 30

What do we want the scaffold to be like?

Answer 30

To be like the extra cellular matrix (ECM)

Question 31

Why is tissue engineering necessary?

Answer 31

Most tissues cannot regenerate | Those that can regenerate may not completely do so in large defects

Question 32

Regenerative medicine is ...

Answer 32

... the use of implants to facilitate formation (regeneration) of tissue in vivo

Question 33

Tissue engineering is done in ...

Answer 33

vitro

Question 34

Regenerative medicine is done in...

Answer 34

vivo

Question 35

Endogeneous regulators are?

Answer 35

Those from within the body

Question 36

Stress-induced architecture cannot be produced in vitro (tissue engineering) but can be done in regenerative medicine. What does this include?

Answer 36

Bone need mechanical stimulation

Question 37

Examples of tissues that are able to regenerate

Answer 37

Skin, cartilage

Question 38

Why is tissue organisation a challenge for tissue engineering?

Answer 38

Native tissues have a hierarchy of structure and function

Question 39

We defined three levels of cellular communication. What is level 1?

Answer 39

Soluble signals

Question 40

We defined three levels of cellular communication. What is level 2?

Answer 40

Cell to cell communication

Question 41

We defined three levels of cellular communication. What is level 3?

Answer 41

Soluble signals

Question 42

What is the mantra of biomaterials engineers?

Answer 42

Control the extra cellular matrix, control the tissue

Question 43

Why is the control of scaffold fabrication at the nanoscale important?

Answer 43

Better interface for cells

Question 44

The central problem in organ regeneration is the regeneration of the ...

Answer 44

stroma

Question 45

Once the stroma has been regenerated, epithelial tissues regenerate spontaneously and synthesize the...

Answer 45

basement membrane

Question 46

What is Organ Printing?

Answer 46

A process where an artificial organ can be created using a 3-D printer/bioprinter

Question 47

There is an antagonistic relation between contraction of a wounded site and regeneration at that site, what does that mean?

Answer 47

``` Scare tissue (repair, contraction) Regeneration ```

Question 48

After injury in a non vascularised tissue, can healing happen?

Answer 48

No

Question 49

After injury in a vascularised tissue, can healing happen?

Answer 49

Yes

Question 50

What are the possible outcome of the healing process

Answer 50

Regeneration or repair (scar)

Question 51

What is the composition of epithelial tissue?

Answer 51

100% cellular, no ECM

Question 52

What is the composition of basement membrane?

Answer 52

100% ECM, no cells

Question 53

What is the composition of the stroma?

Answer 53

Cells, ECM, blood vessels

Question 54

What is the central problem of organ regeneration?

Answer 54

The regeneration of the stroma

Question 55

At a wounded site, what is the relation between contraction (scarification) and regeneration?

Answer 55

Opposite

Question 56

What is the current theory to induce regeneration?

Answer 56

Block contraction and induce tissue synthesis