Tissue Repair - Integumentary System

Question 1

occurs during wound healing, which is the process by which the skin or any injured organ restores itself after an injury.

Answer 1

tissue repair

Question 1

The main objectives of wound healing are to prevent further damage, clean and seal the wound to prevent infection, and restore tissue strength and function if possible.

Answer 1

tissue repair

Question 2

The damaged tissue is replaced by the same type of cells. The new tissue completely restores the damaged area to its normal state.

Answer 2

Regeneration

Question 2

two mechanisms of tissue repair

Answer 2

regeneration and fibrosis

Question 3

The damaged tissue is replaced with dense fibrous connective tissue or scar tissue. This can interfere with or inhibit the normal function and architecture of the underlying organ or tissue. Examples include fibrosis in the lungs, liver, brain, and heart.

Answer 3

Fibrosis

Question 4

Epithelial Tissues, fibrous tissues, bone tissues, blood vessels, and some muscle tissues.

Answer 4

Regenerative tissue

Question 5

Cardiac tissues and nervous tissues in the brain and spinal cord

Answer 5

Non-regenerative tissue

Question 6

two types of severity of injury

Answer 6

Shallow wounds, deep wounds

Question 7

Affect only the epidermis; dermis remains intact.

Answer 7

Shallow wound

Question 8

Damage the dermis. Clean cuts heal more successfully than ragged tears.

Answer 8

Deep wounds

Question 9

prevent further injury

Answer 9

inflammation

Question 9

■ Damaged cells release inflammatory chemicals, increasing capillary permeability
■ White blood cells (WBCs) and clotting proteins seep into the injured area.
■ Platelets migrate to form a fibrin clot, which seals the wound and prevent blood loss
■ Immune cells (neutrophils and macrophages) accumulate to remove debris and bacteria
■ Symptoms include swelling,redness, pain, and heat

Answer 9

Inflammation

Question 10

Supply cells and nutrients for remodeling.

Answer 10

Granulation tissue forms

Question 11

Events of tissue repair

Answer 11

inflammation, granulation tissue forms, surface epithelium regeneration

Question 12

■ New blood vessels form around the wound, creating ___________—delicate pink tissue with new capillaries.
■ Connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) produce collagen fibers and extracellular matrix.
■ __________- facilitates wound closure as fibroblasts synthesize collagen.
■ Myofibroblasts pull the wound edges together.

Answer 12

Granulation tissue

Question 13

Regenerate surface epithelium and finalize wound closure.

Answer 13

Surface epithelium regenerates

Question 14

■ ___________, thickens, and makes its way between granulation tissue and the scab.
■ The scab eventually detaches, leaving behind a scar.
■ The fibrous tissue matures to form a scar, which may be visible or invisible depending on the severity of the wound.
■ During remodeling, the new tissue matures to more closely resemble the surrounding mature tissue.

Answer 14

Surface epithelium regenerates

Question 15

What is the regenerative capacity? Skin epidermis, mucous membranes, fibrous connective tissues, blood tissues, bones.

Answer 15

High

Question 16

What is the regenerative capacity? Smooth muscles, tendons, ligaments

Answer 16

moderate

Question 16

What is the regenerative capacity? Skeletal muscles, cartilage.

Answer 16

Weak

Question 17

Repair of superficial wounds or clean surgical incisions approximated by surgical supports. Involves inflammation, granulation, and maturation stages.

Answer 17

Primary union (first intention)

Question 17

What is the regenerative capacity? Cardiac muscles, nervous tissues in the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 17

Virtually no

Question 17

Repair of large wounds, abscesses, ulcerations, or necrosis. Involves both regeneration and scarring, with more intense inflammation, abundant granulation tissue, extracellular matrix accumulation, and large scar formation.

Answer 17

Secondary union (second intention)

Question 18

→ Cause: Fungal infection
→ Symptoms: Itchy, red peeling skin
between the toes

Answer 18

Athlete’s foot

Question 19

→ Cause: Inflammation of hair follicles → Symptoms: Painful, swollen bumps

Answer 19

Boils (furuncles)

Question 20

→ Cause: Herpes Simplex Virus 1 → Symptoms: Fluid-filled blisters around lips and mouth, itching, and stinging

Answer 20

Cold sores (fever blisters)

Question 20

→ Cause: Clusters of boils, often due to Staphylococcus aureus → Symptoms:Multipleinterconnected boils

Answer 20

Carbuncles

Question 20

→ Cause: Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria → Symptoms: Pink fluid-filled lesions with yellow crusts, primarily around mouth and nose.

Answer 20

Impetigo

Question 21

→ Cause: Exposure to chemicals (e.g., poison ivy) → Symptoms: Itching, redness, swelling, possibly blistering

Answer 21

Contact dermatitis

Question 21

→ Autoimmune disorder → Rapid skin cell production, resulting in red lesions covered with dry, silvery scales; triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress

Answer 21

Psoriasis

Question 22

Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals

Answer 22

Burns

Question 23

Result in loss of body fluids and infection from the invasion of bacteria

Answer 23

Burn

Question 24

→ Only epidermis is damaged → Skin is red and swollen → Heals in 2-3 days

Answer 24

First-degree burn (superficial burn)

Question 25

→ Epidermis and superficial part of dermis are damage → Skin is red, painful, and blistered → May result in scarring → Regrowth of the epithelium can occur → Caused by hot water, flames, chemicals, or electricity.

Answer 25

Second-degree burn (partial-thickness burn)

Question 25

→ Destroys epidermis and dermis; burned area is painless → Requires skin grafts, as regeneration is not possible → Burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black

Answer 25

Third-degree burn (full-thickness burn)

Question 26

→ Extends into deeper tissues (bone, muscle, tendons) → Appears dry and leathery → Requires surgery and grafting → May require amputation

Answer 26

Fourth-degree burn (full-thickness burn)

Question 27

Most common types of skin cancer

Answer 27

○ Basal cell carcinoma ○ Squamous cell carcinoma ○ Malignant melanoma

Question 28

→ Least malignant and most common type of skin cancer → Arises from cells in stratum basale that are altered so that they can no longer make keratin → Lesions appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules that develop a central ulcer

Answer 28

Basal cell carcinoma

Question 29

→ Believed to be induced by UV Exposure → Arises from cells of stratum spinosum → Lesions appear as scaly, reddened papules that gradually form shallow ulcers → Early removal allows a good chance of cure → Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed

Answer 29

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 30

The ABCDE of malignant melanoma

Answer 30

○ A: Asymmetry ○ B: Border irregularity ○ C: Color variation ○ D: Diameter > 6mm ○ E: Evolution or change in characteristics

Question 30

Most deadly of skin cancers, but accounts for only 5 percent of skin cancers → Arises from melanocytes → Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels → Detection uses ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma

Answer 30

Malignant melanoma

Question 31

Downy hair covering body by 5th or 6th month, disappears by birth

Answer 31

Lanugo

Question 32

Oily substance protecting skin at birth

Answer 32

Vernix Caseosa

Question 32

Small white spots on nose and forehead, are at common at birth and disappear by 3rd week

Answer 32

Milia

Question 33

Due to activated sebaceous glands

Answer 33

Acne

Question 34

Thick, resilient, well-hydrated skin

Answer 34

Youth

Question 35

○ Decreased elasticity ○ Drier skin, prone to bruising ○ Formation of bags under eyes ○ Hair thinning and graying ○ Balding (alopecia) and graying due to decreased melanin and hair follicles ○ Accelerated by smoking and sun exposure

Answer 35

Aging effects

Question 36

○ Avoid smoking and excessive sun exposure ○ Maintain good nutrition and hydration

Answer 36

Protection measure

Question 37

→ Yellowish, reddish brown, or black pigment produced by melanocytes. → Increased melanin production due to sunlight exposure leads to tanning. → Higher melanin levels result in darker skin, while lower levels lead to lighter skin.

Answer 37

Melanin

Question 38

→ Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables → High carotene intake can give the skin a yellow-orange hue.

Answer 38

Carotene

Question 39

→ Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries → Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

Answer 39

Hemoglobin

Question 40

Reddened skin from embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy

Answer 40

Redness (erythema)

Question 41

→ Low oxygen levels in the blood cause the lips, fingers and toes look blue → Poorly oxygenated hemoglobin can cause a bluish tint in the skin, known as cyanosis.

Answer 41

Cyanosis

Question 41

Pale skin due to emotional stress (such as fear), anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area

Answer 41

Pallor (blanching)

Question 42

Yellow skin tone indicates liver disorders with excess bile pigments in the blood.

Answer 42

Jaundice (yellow cast)

Question 43

Cutaneous glands are all ____ glands

Answer 43

exocrine

Question 44

→ Black and blue marks from blood escaping circulation and clotted in tissues, called hematomas. → Frequent bruising may indicate vitamin C deficiency or hemophilia.

Answer 44

Bruises (black and blue marks)

Question 45

Caused by blocked sebaceous glands.

Answer 45

Acne

Question 45

→ Located all over the skin except for palms and soles. These glands are most numerous on the face. → Produce sebum (oil) which helps lubricate the skin and hair. Makes skin soft and moist → Prevents hair from becoming brittle → Kills bacteria → Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto the skin surface → Glands are activated at puberty

Answer 45

Sebaceous (oil) glands

Question 46

_____ result from oxidized, dried sebum;

Answer 46

blackheads

Question 47

→ Produce sweat → Widely distributed in skin

Answer 47

Sweat (sudoriferous) glands

Question 47

_____- are from non-oxidized sebum.

Answer 47

whiteheads

Question 48

two types of sweat glands

Answer 48

eccrine and apocrine glands

Question 49

→ Located in the axilla and perineum. → Ducts empty into hair follicles in the armpit and genitals → Begin to function at puberty → Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky or yellowish color), which can develop an odor when bacteria decompose it → Play a minimal role in body temperature regulation

Answer 49

Apocrine glands

Question 50

→ Open via duct to sweat pores on the skin's surface → Produce acidic sweat → Water, salt, vitamin c ,traces of metabolic waste → Function in body temperature regulation

Answer 50

Eccrine glands

Question 51

Produced by melanin granules deposited by melanocytes.

Answer 51

Hair color

Question 52

Heavily keratinized, scale-like modifications of the epidermis

Answer 52

Nail

Question 53

The visible, attached portion of the nail.

Answer 53

body

Question 54

The tip of the nail that extends beyond the finger or toe.

Answer 54

free edge

Question 55

The portion of the nail embedded in the skin.

Answer 55

root nail

Question 56

Skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail.

Answer 56

Nail folds

Question 57

The thick proximal nail fold, also known as the eponychium, that covers the base of the nail.

Answer 57

Cuticle

Question 58

The stratum basale of the epidermis extends beneath the nail, responsible for nail growth.

Answer 58

Nail bed

Question 59

The thick, proximal area beneath the cuticle where nail growth occurs.

Answer 59

Nail matrix

Question 60

Can be cutaneous (skin), mucous, or serous membranes.

Answer 60

Epithelial membranes

Question 60

Example includes the synovial membrane.

Answer 60

Connective tissue membranes

Question 61

→ Are considered as simple organs → Also called covering or lining membranes

Answer 61

Epithelial membranes

Question 62

→ A dry membrane → Covers the body surface → Outer most protective boundary

Answer 62

Cutaneous membrane

Question 63

Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Answer 63

Epidermis

Question 64

A protein in the epidermis that makes skin water-resistant.

Answer 64

Keratin

Question 65

Includes dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue.

Answer 65

Dense connective tissue

Question 65

Primarily dense fibrous connective tissue.

Answer 65

Dermis

Question 66

→ Moist membranes → Line all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface

Answer 66

Mucous membrane

Question 66

Line open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body

Answer 66

Serous membrane

Question 66

→ Loose areolar connective tissue only (no epithelial tissue) → Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints

Answer 66

Synovial membrane

Question 67

Lubricates joints and reduces friction during movement.

Answer 67

Synovial fluid

Question 68

4 roles of the integumentary

Answer 68

protection, temperature regulation, excretion, vitamin d production

Question 69

→ The outer most layer of the skin, composed of epithelial cells. → Made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Answer 69

Epidermis

Question 70

Deepest layer of epidermis

Answer 70

Stratum Basale

Question 71

Cells become increasingly flatter and more keratinized. Provides strength and flexibility to the skin

Answer 71

Stratum spinosum

Question 72

Cells start to die and form a granular layer.

Answer 72

Stratum granulosum

Question 72

Found only in hairless skin areas like the palms and soles.

Answer 72

Stratum Lucidum

Question 73

Outer most layer of epidermis with shingle-like dead cells filled with keratin. Provides a protective barrier and prevents water loss

Answer 73

Stratum corneum

Question 74

○ Pigment produced by melanocytes, which gives skin its color (ranging from yellow to brown to black). ○ Located primarily in the stratum basale. ○ Accumulates in melanosomes

Answer 74

Melanin

Question 75

○ Alert and activate immune cells to a threat (bacterial or viral invasion) ○ Found in the stratum spinosum.

Answer 75

Epidermal dendric cells (Langerhans cells)

Question 75

○ Associated with sensory nerve endings and function as touch receptors ○ Located in the stratum basale.

Answer 75

Merkel cells

Question 76

→ Located below the epidermis, this layer consists of irregular connective tissue. It supports and nourishes the epidermis.

Answer 76

Dermis

Question 76

Two regions of dermis

Answer 76

Papillary layer (areolar), and reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue)

Question 77

→ Blood vessels, sweat and oil glands → Deeper layer of the dermis. → Composed of dense connective tissue. → Houses deeper pressure receptors like Lamellar corpuscles. → Contains structures such as sweat and oil glands.

Answer 77

Reticular layer

Question 78

→ Upper dermal region; Indent the epidermis above → Contains loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. → Forms dermal papillae, which create fingerprints

Answer 78

Papillary layer

Question 79

Found in the dermis; help regulate body temperature through sweating. May appear as round structures in cross-sections of the skin.

Answer 79

Sweat glands

Question 80

Provides strength and structure to the skin.

Answer 80

Collagen

Question 81

Allows the skin to return to its original shape after stretching.

Answer 81

Elastin

Question 82

Engulf and destroy pathogens.

Answer 82

Phagocytes

Question 83

Supply nutrients to the skin and help regulate body temperature.

Answer 83

Blood vessels

Question 84

are sensitive to rapid changes in pressure or vibration. Detects deep pressure and vibrations (located in the reticular layer).

Answer 84

Pacinian Corpuscles

Question 84

Detect light touch and low-frequency vibrations (located in the papillary layer).

Answer 84

Meissner's corpuscles

Question 85

Response to sustained pressure and perceives shapes and edges (located in the stratum basale).

Answer 85

Merkel discs

Question 85

Respond to sustained pressure and stretching of the skin (located in the reticular layer).

Answer 85

Ruffini Corpuscles

Question 86

Detect pain and temperature (distributed throughout the dermis).

Answer 86

Free nerve endings

Question 87

→ Also known as the subcutaneous tissue, it is located below the dermis. → Composed of adipose (fat) tissue.

Answer 87

Hypodermis

Question 88

Mechanical stimuli as the input to our sense of touch or tactile sensations.

Answer 88

Sensory input

Question 89

Mechanoreceptors detect and respond to mechanical stimuli.

Answer 89

Process