Tissues Flashcards by Super Real

Collections of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them

Tissues (note: hindi lang cells, kasama ang extracellular substances)

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Body tissues are classified based on 3 characteristics. What are these?

) Structure of the cells
) Composition of the noncellular substances surrounding the cells (aka: extracellular matrix or ECM)
) Functions of the cells

Note: Struc(k) Comp-E Fun

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What do you call the noncellular substances surrounding the cells?

Extracellular matrix or ECM

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What are the four types of tissues?

) Epithelial Tissue
) Connective Tissue
) Muscle Tissue
) Nervous Tissue

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What are the basic functions of epithelial tissues?

) Protecting underlying structures
) Acting as a barrier
) Permitting the passage of substances
) Secreting substances
) Absorbing substances

Note: Pro Acting Permits Secret(e) Abs

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Epithelial tissue can be further classified according to 2 characteristics. What are these?

Number of layers & Shape of cells

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List down all classifications of epithelium.

) Simple squamous
) Simple cuboidal
) Simple columnar
) Stratified squamous
) Stratified cuboidal
) Stratified columnar
) Pseudostratified columnar
) Transitional

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Which classification of epithelium can be even further divided into nonkeratinized (moist) and keratinized?

Stratified squamous

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Single layer of flat, often hexagonal cells; the nuclei appear as bumps when viewed across a cross section because the cells are so flat

Diffusion, filtration, some secretion, and some protection against friction
(( Note: “some” protection lang ))

Located in the alveoli of the lungs, portions of the kidney tubules, lining of the blood vessels of the heart, lymphatic vessels (endothelium) and small ducts, lining of serous membranes (mesothelium) of the body cavities (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal) and inner surface of the lymphatic membranes.

Simple squamous

Note: One flat layer lang ito, thus, it only provides ‘some’ protection against friction. Key structures are alveoli of the lungs and portions of the kidney tubules

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Bakit kailangang simple squamous ang nasa alveoli of the lungs?

Because we need oxygen and other gasses to penetrate right away. Simple squamous allows the most diffusion of substances among all of the epithelial tissue classifications.

Hindi pwedeng makapal, kailangan manipis.

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Single layer of cube-shaped cells; some cells have microvilli (kidney tubules) or cilia (terminal bronchioles of the lungs)

Secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney tubules; secretion by cells of glands and choroid plexuses; movement of particles embedded in mucus out of the terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells

Located in the kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, choroid plexuses of the brain, lining of terminal bronchioles of the lungs, surfaces of the ovaries

Simple cuboidal

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Apparently, simple squamous and simple cuboidal can both be located in the kidney tubules. Expound.

Some portions of the kidney tubules are simple squamous epithelium. Meanwhile, kidney tubules are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium. Though they are different in shape, their single-layeredness still allows for good diffusion of substances, a vital function of the kidney as an organ.

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Single later of tall, narrow cells; some cells have cilia (bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes, uterine tubes, and uterus) or microvilli (intestines)

Movement of particles out of the bronchioles of the lungs by ciliated cells; partially responsible for the movement of oocytes through the uterine tubules by ciliated cells; secretion by cells if the glands, the stomach, and the intestines; absorption by cells of the small and large intestines
(( Keyword: Movement, secretion, and absorption ))

Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of the lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts, ventricles of the brain

Lining of stomach and intestines
(( Keyword: Parts of the GI tract ))

Simple columnar

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Multiple layers of cells that are cube-shaped in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface; the epithelium can be nonkeratinized (moist) or keratinized

Protection against abrasion, a barrier against infection, reduction of water loss from the body

Located:
Keratinized - primarily in skin
Nonkeratinized - mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, cornea

Stratified squamous

Note: Don’t be confused by the word “cube-shaped” in the definition. Focus on “progressively flattened toward the surface”

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When stratified squamous epithelium is ____, the surface cells retain a nucleus and cytoplasm.

nonkeratinized

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When stratified squamous epithelium is ____, the cytoplasm of cells at the surface is replaced by a protein called keratin, and the cells are dead.

keratinized

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When the stratified squamous epithelium is said to be “keratinized” is it moist or dry?

Dry

Note: Think of “keratin” as Mighty Bond™

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When the stratified squamous epithelium is said to be “nonkeratinized” is it moist or dry?

Moist

Note: Think of “keratin” as Mighty Bond™

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Multiple layers of somewhat cube-shaped cells

Secretion, absorption, protection against infection

Located in sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, salivary gland ducts (parotid, sublingual, submandibular)

Stratified cuboidal

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Multiple layers of cells with tall, thin cells resting on layers of more cube-shaped cells; the cells are ciliated in the larynx

Protection, secretion

Mammary gland ducts, larynx, a portion of the male urethra

Stratified columnar

Note: Don’t be confused by the word “cube-shaped” in the definition. Focus on “thin cells resting on layers”

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Single layer of cells but some are tall, thin, and reach the free surface while others do not; the nuclei of these cells are at different levels and appear stratified; the cells are almost always ciliated and are associated with goblet cells that secrete mucus onto the free surface

Synthesize and secrete mucus onto the free surface; move mucus (or fluid) that contains foreign particles over the surface of the free surface and from passages

Lining of the nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi of the lungs

Pseudostratified columnar

Note: Single layer; nuclei at different levels; appear stratified

Note: Mucus

Note: Almost all respiratory tract organs are lined with pseudostratified columnar

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Stratified cells that appear cube-shaped when the organ or tube is not stretched and squamous when the organ or tube is stretched by fluid; the number of layers also decreases on stretch

Accommodate fluctuations in the volume of fluid in organs or tubes; protect against the caustic effects of urine

Located in the lining of the urinary bladder, ureters, superior urethra

Transitional

Note: Cube when not-stretched; Squamous when stretched

Note: Holds urine

Note: Located in renal tract except inferior urethra

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Connective Tissue is divided into 2 categories. What are these?

Proper & Specialized

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Proper connective tissue is further divided into 2 categories. What are these?

Loose & Dense

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Specialized connective tissue is further divided into 3 categories. What are these?

Bone, Blood, & Cartilage Note: Specialized = BBC

What are the basic functions of connective tissues?

1. ) Enclosing and separating other tissues 2. ) Connecting tissues to one another (tendon & ligament) 3. ) Supporting and moving parts of the body 4. ) Storing compounds (adipose and bone) 5. ) Cushioning and insulating (adipose) 6. ) Transporting (blood) 7. ) Protecting (bone) Note: ECon SupStor CuTP

Specialized cells of various connective tissues that produce the extracellular matrix

Connective Tissue Cells Note: ECM can be imagined as a "gel".

The three suffixes of connective tissue cells are:

-blast, -cyte, & -clast

(Type of Connective Tissue Cell) | Creates or forms the ECM

Blasts (-blast)

(Type of Connective Tissue Cell) | Maintains the ECM

Cytes (-cyte)

(Type of Connective Tissue Cell) | Breaks down the ECM for remodeling

Clasts (-clast)

Name the three connective tissue cells that forms, maintains, and breaks down the [[[bone]]], respectively.

1. ) Osteoblast (forms) 2. ) Osteocyte (maintains) 3. ) Osteoclast (breaks down)

It is made up of protein fibers, ground substance, and fluid.

Extracellular Matrix Note: ECM can be imagined as a "gel".

Most abundant protein in the body.

Collagen

Collagen accounts for ____ of total body protein, or ____ of total body weight. (fraction, percentage)

1. ) one-fourth to one-third | 2. ) 6%

Collagen is synthesized within ____ and secreted into the ____.

1. ) fibroblasts | 2. ) extracellular space

Expound on the process of creating collagen fibers.

1. ) Collagen is synthesized by fibroblasts and secreted into the extracellular space. 2. ) They are then linked together to make long collagen fibrils. 3. ) The fibrils are joined together in bundles to form collagen fibers.

Very strong and flexible, like microscopic ropes, but quite inelastic.

Collagen fibers

Most abundant type of collagen in the body.

Type I collagen

The flexible, ropelike strength of type I collagen fibers make them well suited for ____.

tendons, ligaments, skin, & bone Note: Rope = Ten Ligs Skin&Bone

____ is mainly type II collagen and ____ are mainly type III collagen

1. ) cartilage 2. ) reticular fibers Note: 2 cars, 3 rets

Very fine collagen fibers; therefore, not a chemically distinct category of fibers

Reticular fibers

Very short, thin fibers that branch to form a network and appear different microscopically from other collagen fibers.

Reticular fibers Note: network > internet > ter > ret > reticular

Reticular fibers are 💪 stronger 💪 than collagen fibers. True or False

False Reticular fibers are NOT AS STRONG as most collagen fibers.

Networks of reticular fibers ____ between tissues and organs.

fill spaces

Consist of a protein called "elastin" which has the ability to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an elastic quality.

Elastic fibers

Collagen fibers are 💪 stronger 💪 than reticular fibers. True or False

True Reticular fibers are NOT AS STRONG as most collagen fibers.

Elastic fibers consist of a protein called ____ which has the ability to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an elastic quality.

Elastin

The elastin network (polypeptide chains) stretches like a rubber band in response to force and recoils when relaxed. True or False

True Note: Elastin > Rubber Band

Ground substance (non-fibrous) that gives a slippery quality to the fluids that contain it; good lubricant for joint activities. Major component of the vitreous humor of the eye.

Hyaluronic acid (HA)

Ground substance (non-fibrous) which is a large molecule that consists of glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate. Aggregates trap large quantities of water which allows them to return to their original shape when compressed or deformed.

Proteoglycan

Ground substance serves as ____.

adhesive molecules

Ground substance of cartilage.

Chondronectin Note: -nectin

Ground substance of bone

Osteonectin Note: -nectin

Ground substance of fibrous connective tissue

Fibronectin Note: -nectin

Two types of Embryonic Connective Tissue

Mesenchyme & Mucous connective tissue

Irregulary shaped and has spaces in between; ECM is abundant and contains scattered reticular fibers Embryonic tissue from which connective tissues, as well as other tissues, arise

Mesenchyme

Mesenchymal tissue that remains unspecialized; a rich source of stem cells Located in the umbilical of newborn

Mucous connective tissue Note: Basta umbilical cord, mucous connective tissue yan

Mas maraming cells na nasa ECM ang newborn kaysa sa adult.

False bruh

Other term for Mucous connective tissue

Wharton's Jelly

Among loose and dense connective tissue, which of the two has fewer fibers & more ground substance? Which of the two has more fibers & less ground substance?

Loose (fewer fibers, more ground substance) | Dense (more fibers, less ground substance)

Among cartilage and bone, which of the two is a semisolid matrix? Which is a solid matrix?

Cartilage (semisolid matrix) | Bone (solid matrix)

Loose connective tissue is further differentiated into 3 categories. What are these?

Areolar, Adipose, & Reticular

Cells (e.g., fibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes) within a fine network of mostly collagen fibers; often merges with denser connective tissue Functions as loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structure with which it is associated. Widely distributed throughout the body; substance on which epithelial basement membranes rest; packing between glands, muscles, and nerves; attaches the skin to underlying tissues

Areolar connective tissue Note: Pag sinabing "loose packing" tapos "widely distributed throughout the body", that's areolar connective tissue

Little extracellular matrix surrounding the cells; so full of lipid that the cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery of the cell Functions as packing material, thermal insulation, energy storage, and protection of organs against injured from being bumped or jarred Predominantly in subcutaneous areas, in mesenteries, in renal pelvis, around kidneys, attached to the surface of the colon, in mammary glands, in loose connective tissue that penetrates spaces and crevices

Adipose connective tissue (defined by Structure) Note: lipid > fat > adipose Note: Notice how the functions are basically the function of fat Note: subcutaneous > fat > adipose

Fine network of reticular fibers; irregularly arranged Provides a superstructure for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues Located within the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

Reticular connective tissue Note: lymph nodes, immune system, bone marrow

Matrix composed of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same direction Able to withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation; great tensile strength and stretch resistance Located in tendons (attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (attach bones to each other)

Dense regular collagenous connective tissue Note: Key feature is its great tensile strength due to how dense it is. It is "regular" because the fibers run in somewhat the same direction

Matrix composed of regularly arranged collagen fibers and elastic fibers Able to stretch and recoil like a rubber band, with strength in the direction of fiber orientation Located in vocal folds and elastic ligaments between the vertebrae and along the dorsal aspect of the neck

Dense regular elastic connective tissue Note: Key feature is elasticity, as it is made of primarily elastic fibers (though it still contains some collagen fibers). Located in the neck (vocal folds) and vertebrae

Matrix composed of collagen fibers that run in all directions or in alternating planes of fibers oriented in a somewhat single direction Tensile strength capable of withstanding stretching in all directions Located in sheaths; most of the dermis of the skin; organ capsules and septa; outer covering of body tubes

Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue Note: Compared to dense regular collagenous connective tissue, the way the fibers of this tissues is arranged is irregular. Thus, allowing for a more flexible range of motion. Located in the skin!

Matrix composed of brundles and sheets of collagenous and elastic fibers oriented in multiple directions Capable of strength, with stretching and recoil in several directions Located in elastic arteries

Dense irregular elastic connective tissue Note: Capable of strength and recoil in all directions. Located in arteries

Transparent matrix Allows growth of long bones; provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs, and nose; forms embryonic skeleton Located in growing long bones, cartilage rings of the respiratory system, costal cartilage of ribs, nasal cartilages, embryonic skeleton

Hyaline cartilage

Spaces within the cartilage matrix where chondrocytes are located

Lacunae

More numerous collagen fibers than in other cartilages Somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure; connects structures subjected to great pressure Located in intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis articular disks (e.g., knee and temporomandibular [knee] joints)

Fibrocartilage

Similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix also contains elastic fibers Provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage Located in external ears, epiglottis, auditory tubes

Elastic cartilage

Differentiate the three types of cartilage based on collagen composition.

Elastic cartilage is composed of more elastic fibers than collagen fibers. Hyaline cartilage is composed of more collagen fibers then elastic. Fibrocartilage is similar to hyaline, but it has the most amount of collagen fibers than any other type of cartilage.

Latticelike network of scaffolding characterized by trabeculae with large spaces between them filled with hemopoietic tissue Acts as scaffolding to provide strength and support without greater weight of compact bone Located in the interior of the bones of the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis; in the ends of the long bones

Spongy bone Note: It is called spongy because it is somewhat softer than the compact bone.

Spaces within the trabeculae matrix where osteocytes are located

Lacunae

Hard, bony matrix predominates; has more osteocytes than spongy bone Provides great strength and support; forms a solid outer shell on bones that keeps them from being easily broken or punctured Located in the outer portions of all bones, the shafts of long bones

Compact bone

Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products, and other substances; protects the body from infections and is involved in temperature regulation Located within the blood vessels

Blood

Reticular framework with numerous blood-forming cells (red marrow) Produces new blood cells (red marrow), stores lipids (yellow marrow) Located within narrow cavities of bone; Red marrow found in ends of long bones and in short, flat, and irregularly shaped bones; Yellow marrow in the shafts of long bones

Bone marrow

Type of bone marrow that is hemopoietic or blood-forming

Red marrow

Type of bone marrow that stores lipids

Yellow marrow

What are the 3 types of muscle?

1. ) Skeletal 2. ) Cardiac 3. ) Smooth

Which type of muscle is multinucleated?

Skeletal

Which type of muscle is non-striated?

Smooth

Which type of muscles is both striated and involuntary?

Cardiac

Both the skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are cylindrical in shape, but how do you differentiate one from the other (still in terms of cell shape)?

Cardiac muscle is cylindrical and branched. Skeletal muscle is just very long & cylindrical. There are also intercalated disks which are special junctions in between the cells of the cardiac muscle.

Nervous tissue is made up of 2 principal types of cells. What are these?

Neuroglia & Neurons

Excitable nerve cells that transit electrical signals

Neurons

Smaller supporting nerve cells that surround and wrap the more delicate neurons

Neuroglia

Characterized by the ability to conduct electrical signals called action potentials Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Nervous Tissue

What are the 3 major parts of a neuron?

1. ) Cell Body 2. ) Dendrites 3. ) Axon

Part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and is the site of general cell functions

Cell Body

Part of a neuron that usually receive action potentials

Dendrites

Part of a neuron that usually conducts action potentials away from the cell body

Axon

Consists of dendrites, a cell body, and a long axon; Neuroglia surround the neurons Basically the standard type of neuron

Multipolar neuron

Neuron that consists of a cell body with one axon Conducts action potentials from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord Located in ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord

Pseudo-unipolar neuron