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Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What do tissues form?

A

Organs

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2
Q

4 types of tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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3
Q

What gives rise to the tissue types?

A

Primary germ layers

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4
Q

What are the primary germ layers from outside to inside?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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5
Q

Which organs/parts are derived from the ectoderm?

A

Nervous system, skin epidermis, cornea/lens, enamel, adrenal medulla, pituitary and pineal gland.

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6
Q

Which organs/parts are derived from the mesoderm?

A

Musculoskeletal system, urinary system, muscular layer of digestive system, circulatory system, lymphatic system, skin dermis, reproductive system (except for germ cells), adrenal cortex

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7
Q

What organs/parts are derived from the endoderm?

A

Epithelial linings, liver, pancreas, thyroid gland, thymus, parathyroid glands

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8
Q

What systems are lined by epithelial cells derived from endoderm?

A

Digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system, reproductive system

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9
Q

Humor

A

Bodily fluids of animals

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10
Q

Types of humor

A

Intracellular and extracellular

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11
Q

What are the two types of extracellular fluid?

A

Interstitial (in ECM) and plasma

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12
Q

Features of epithelial cells

A

Attached to basal lamina, no blood vessels (avascular), regenerates, polarity allows for defines apical and basal membranes

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13
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Protection, regulates substance permeability, mediates sensations, secretes mucus, oil, tears, etc

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14
Q

4 methods of connection between epithelial cells

A

Gap junctions, tight junctions, desmosomes, adherens junctions

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15
Q

Tight junctions features

A

Seals together cells using proteins

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16
Q

Adherens junctions

A

Seals together cells by binding to actin microfilaments

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17
Q

Desmosomes

A

Mechanically supports cells using intermediate filaments

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18
Q

Gap junctions

A

Very permeable, important for electric charge conduction

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19
Q

What does the basal lamina consist of

A

Lamina lucida (top layer) and lamina densa (bottom layer)

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20
Q

What are the functions of the basal lamina

A

Anchoring epithelial cells, transition bw epithelial and connective tissue

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21
Q

3 different shapes of epithelial tissues

A

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

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22
Q

What are the classifications of epithelial tissues based on number of cell layers?

A

Simple = 1 layer, stratified = 2+ layers

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23
Q

Location of simple squamous epithelial

A

Mesothelium (lining of pericardium), kidney tubules, lung alveoli (gas exchance), endothelium (inner layer) of blood vessels

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24
Q

What is the simple squamous epithelial tissue specialized for and why?

A

Specialized for transportation, best for it because shorter diffusion distance due to only 1 cell layer = more efficient transportation

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25
Types of stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Non-keritanized - mucosa (inner part, moist), keritanized - epidermis (dry, cells dead at maturity, protects against dehydration)
26
Function of stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Protection from mechanical damage, pathogens, and chemicals
27
Location of keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Exposed, outer surfaces
28
Location of nonkeratinized stratified epithelial tissue
Inner surfaces, mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina
29
simple cuboidal epithelial location
kidney tubules, pancreas, thyroid glands, salivary glands
30
Function of simple cuboidal epithelial location
secretion and absorption
31
What subcellular organelle is responsible for attracting a basic stain
Rough er
32
The pancreas has what types of functions
Endocrine and exocrine
33
What types of cells are islets of langerhans
Pancreas cells
34
What are the 3 main endocrine cell types
Alpha, beta, delta
35
What do alpha cells release
Glucagon
36
What do beta cells release
Insulin
37
What do delta cells release
Somatostatin
38
Function of stratified cuboidal epithelium
Secretion and absorption
39
Location of stratified cuboidal epithelium
Sweat and mammary glands
40
Transitional epithelium location
Urinary bladder and ureters
41
Structure of transitional epithelium when relaxed
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
42
Structure of transitional epithelium when stretched
squamous epithelium
43
Functions of transitional epithelium
tolerates stretching
44
Structure features of simple columnar epithelium
- Nuclei near basal lamina - Apical surface has microvilli - Immediately above the lamina propria connective cells
45
Location of simple columnar epithelium
Stomach, intestine, gallbladder, collecting ducts of kidneys, uterine tubes
46
Function of simple columnar epithelium
Absorption and secretion
47
structure of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
No multiple layers, all cells contact basal lamina, all may not reach apical surface causing stratified appearance
48
What does pseudostratified mean
looks stratified, is actually simple, as all cells contact basal lamina
49
Location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Respiratory tract, male reproductive tract, fallopian tubes
50
Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Moves materials across surface
51
Features of stratified columnar epithelium
Rare, 2+ layers but only apical layer is columnal for protection
52
Function of stratified columnar epithelium
protection
53
Location of stratified columnar epithelium
Salivary glands, pharynx, mammary glands, urethra, anus
54
Differences between endocrine and exocrine
endo releases secretions/hormones into bloodstream; exo releases other secretions like sweat, other enzymes into ducts
55
Glandular epithelium
Epithelial tissues involved in production and release of secretory substances
56
Modes of secretion
Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
57
Merocrine secretion
Product released from vesicles via exocytosis (ex: goblet cells, sweat glands)
58
Apocrine
Apical region with vesicles is shed to release products (ex: mammary gland)
59
Holocrine
Entire cell is lysed/blows up to release product, secretory cell dies (ex: oil glands)
60
Types of secretion
Serous, mucous, mixed exocrine glands
61
Serous glands
Releases water and enzymes (ex: parotid salivary glands)
62
Mucus glands
Mucin+water = mucus, (ex: goblet cells)
63
Connective tissue features
Never exposed to environment, well vascularized, cells + matrix
64
What makes up the matrix
Fibers + ground substance
65
What are the 3 fiber types
Collagen, reticular, and elastic
66
What is ground substance
Gel like fluid made of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion molecules, and glycosaminoglycans
67
Cells where connective tissue is common
Fibroblasts (produce matrix), mesenchymal (type of stem cell), adipocytes (fat cells), phagocytes, lymphocytes (B and T cells), mast cells
68
What are collagen fibers made of
Collagen type 1
69
What are reticular fibers made of
collagen type 3
70
What are elastic fibers made of
Elastin
71
Function of connective tissues
Structural support, portection, circulation of fluids and dissolved substances, food storage and thermoregulation, immune defense
72
Connective tissue is derived from
Mesynchyme
73
Mesynchyme is derived from
Mesoderm
74
What does mesoderm give rise to
Blood, lymph, bones, and muscles
75
What gives rise to ectomesenchymal cells
Ectodermal natural crest
76
3 types of connective tissues
Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, supportive connective tissue
77
2 types of connective tissue proper
Loose, dense
78
3 types of loose connective tissue
Areolar connective tissue, adipose, tissue, reticular tissue
79
Functions of areolar tissue
Absorb shock, resists distortion, fills space bw cells
80
Adipose tissue types
white and brown fat
81
Which type of fat is responsible for nonshivering thermogenesis
Brown fat
82
Reticular tissue function
Structural support of parenchyma cells
83
Parenchyma function in organ
Performs main organ function, entirely functional cell, not structural
84
Name for macrophages in the liver
Kupffer cells
85
What are the three types of dense connective tissue
Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic connective
86
Ligaments connect
Bone to bone
87
Tendons connect
Muscle to bone
88
Where is dense regular found
Tendons, ligaments, muscle coverings
89
Difference between structure of dense regular and irregular
Regular is parallel collagen fibers (Better for back and forth attachment), irregular is mesh of fibers
90
Function of dense irregular
Resists tension
91
Locations of elastic connective
Arterial walls, ligaments bw vertabrae
92
What is fluid connective tissue made of
Blood and lymph
93
What does plasma becomes lost in the blood bw cells
Interstitial fluid
94
What happens to interstitial fluid when it's reabsorbed by the lymphatic system
Becomes lymph
95
3 coats of a blood vessel
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
96
What is tunica intima consisted of
Endothelial lining, basement membrane
97
What is tunica media made of
Smooth muscle layer
98
What is the tunica adventitia/externa composed of
Longitudinal connective tissue
99
Structural difference bw artery and vein
Artery more circular, thick wall and small lumen, veins have thin wall and broad lumen, often collapsed lumen
100
What is the thickest coat in the artery
Tunica media
101
Thickest coat in a vein
Tunica externa
102
What is a feature of arteries
Elastic internal membrane for recoil
103
What are the 3 types of arteries
Elastic, muscular, arterioles
104
Function of vasa vasorum
Mini blood vessels for the larger blood vessels for nourishment
105
Features of elastic artery
Blood straight from heart requires elastin abundance to stretch to accomodate walls to maintain blood pressure
106
Features/functions of muscular arteries
Distribute to larger femoral or coronary arteries, has endothelium
107
Atherosclerosis definition
Fat build up causing narrowing of arteries
108
What do some veins have
Valves
109
Why is the lumen larger in veins
Large diameter allows more blood to flow with less resistance
110
Types of capillaries
Continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous/ sinusoidal
111
Arteries ____ while veins do not
pulsate
112
Why can the venous system withstand lower blood pressure
Because it's farther away from the heart
113
Where are continuous capillaries found + features
Muscle, CNS, lungs, least permeable capillary
114
Where are fenestrated capillaries found + features
Endocrine glands, gallbladder, intestinal tract, gaps bw endothelial cells continuous basal lamina
115
Where are discontinuous capillaries + features
Spleen, bone marrow, liver, large gaps bw cells
116
Two types of supportive connective tissue
Cartilage and bone/osseous
117
Function of supportive connective
Structural support and movement, provides shape
118
What kind of cells are cartilage composed of
Chondrocytes
119
Structure of cartilage
Avascular
120
Types of cartilage
Hyaline, elastic, fibro
121
Function of hyaline cartilage
Stiff but flexible support, minimizes friction between bones
122
Function of elastic cartilage
Resilient but flexible support
123
Function of fibrocartilage
Resists compression, absorbs shock
124
Types of bone tissue cells
osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
125
Composition of bone tissue
Matrix, cells, periosteum
126
What is the bone tissue matrix made of
Calcium salts and collagen
127
Function of bone tissue
Support and protection, movement, stores minerals
128
3 types of muscle tissues
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
129
Location of skeletal muscle tissue
All voluntary muscles
130
Function of skeletal muscle
moves bone, guards entrances/exits, produces heat via shivering thermogenesis
131
Cardiac muscle cells
Cardiomyocytes
132
Location of cardiac muscles
Heart muscle (myocardium)
133
Location of smooth muscle tissue
Walls of blood vessels and other hollow organs
134
Function of smooth muscle tissue
Transport through organs and involuntary movements

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