Tissues Flashcards by King James

GROUP OF CELLS with similar
structure and function that
have similar extracellular
substances located between
them

Tissues

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is the microscopic STUDY OF TISSUES
Much information about a person’s health can be gained by examining tissues.

Histology

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covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body.

external and internal
surfaces throughout
the body
• outer layer of the skin

Epithelial Tissue

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Specialized cell contacts bind
adjacent epithelial cells together and to the extracellular matrix
of the basement membrane.

Cell and matrix connections

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Protecting underlying structures
• Acting as sa barrier
• Permitting the passage of substances
• Secreting substances
• Absorbing substances

Functions of Epithelia

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consists of a SINGLE LAYER of cells, with each
cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface.

Simple Epithelium

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consists of MORE THAN ONE LAYER of cells,
but only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the basement membrane.

Stratified Epithelium

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It consists of one layer of cells, with all the cells ATTACHED to the basement membrane.

*pseudo means false

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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Single layer of flat, often hexagonal cells; the nuclei appear as bumps when viewed in cross section because the cells are so flat

Diffusion, filtration, some secretion, and some protection against friction

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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cells are flat or scalelike.

Squamous

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cells are CUBED SHAPED about as wide as
they are tall.

Cuboidal

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(tall and thin, similar to a column) cells tend to be
taller than they are wide.

Columnar

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a function of epithelial tissue where the outer layer of the skin and the epithelium of the oral cavity protect the underlying structures from abrasion.

Protecting underlying structures

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A function of the epithelium where the Epithelium prevents many substances from
moving through it.

Acting as a barrier

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A function of the epithelium where the Epithelium allows many substances to move through it.

Permitting the passage of substances

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A function of the epithelium where Mucous glands, sweat glands, and the enzyme-secreting portions of the pancreas are all composed of epithelial cells that secrete their products onto surfaces or into ducts that carry them to other areas of the body

Secreting substances

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A function of the epithelium where The plasma membranes of certain epithelial tissues contain carrier proteins which regulate the ABSORPTION of materials.

Absorbing substances

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Single layer of cube-
shaped cells; some cells have
microvilli (kidney tubules) or cilia
(terminal bronchioles of the lungs)

Secretion and absorption
by cells of the kidney tubules;
secretion by cells of glands and
choroid plexuses; movement of
particles embedded in mucus
out of the terminal bronchioles
by ciliated cells

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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SINGLE LAYER OF TALL,
narrow cells; some cells have cilia
(bronchioles of lungs, auditory
tubes, uterine tubes, and uterus)
or microvilli (intestines)

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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Movement of particles
out of the bronchioles of the lungs
by ciliated cells; partially responsible
for the MOVEMENT OF OOCYTES through
the uterine tubes by ciliated cells

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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Multiple layers of cells that
are cube-shaped in the basal layer and
progressively FLATTENED TOWARD THE SURFACE;
the epithelium can be nonkeratinized (moist)
or keratinized

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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Protects against abrasion, forms
a barrier against infection, and
reduces loss of water from the body

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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Multiple layers of
somewhat cube-shaped cells

*function: Secretion,absorption,protection against infection

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

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MULTIPLE LAYERS OF CELLS WITH TALL, THIN CELLS resting on layers of more cube-shaped cells; the
cells are ciliated in the larynx.

*Function: Protection, secretion

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

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Single layer of cells; SOME cells are TALL AND THIN and reach the FREE SURFACE, and others do NOT; the nuclei of these cells are at different levels and appear stratified

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

SYNTHESIZE AND SECRETE MUCUS ONTO THE FREE SURFACE; move mucus (or fluid) that contains foreign particles over the surface of the free surface and from passages

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Stratified cells that appear cube-shaped when the organ or tube is not STRETCHED and squamous when the organ or tube is STRETCHED FLUID; the number of layers also decreases on stretch

Transitional Epithelium

Accommodates FLUCTUATIONS in the volume of FLUID in an organ or a tube; protects against the coustic effects of urine

Transitional Epithelium

a STRUCTURE that SECRETES substances onto a surface, into a cavity or into the blood.

Glands

glands with ducts

Exocrine Glands

Glands that have a SINGLE duct

Simple

glands with ducts that BRANCH

Compound

Glands with secretory regions shaped as TUBULES

Tubular

those shaped in SACLIKE structures

Acinar Or Alveolar

products are released, but no ACTUAL CELLULAR material is lost; * sweat, digestive enzyme

Merocrine Secretion

secretory products are released as FRAGMENTS of the gland cell; *milk secretion

Apocrine Secretion

involves the SHREDDING of the entire cells; *sebaceous glands of the skin

Holocrine Secretion

HAVE NO DUCTS and empty their secretions into the blood

Endocrine Glands

carried by the blood to other parts of the body

Hormones

Glands that is part of the pancreas.

Thyroid Glands

Large amounts of extracellular material that separates cells from one another. *Extracellular material/ectracellular matrix

Connective Tissue

consist of COLLAGEN, which is the most abundant PROTEIN in the body

Collagen Fibers

are very fine collagen fibers and therefore not a chemically distinct category of fibers. They are very short, thin fibers that branch to form a network and appear different microscopically from other collagen fibers.

Reticular Fibers

consist of a protein called ELASTIN As the name suggests, this protein has the ability to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an elastic quality.

Elastic Fibers

shapeless background against which cells and collagen fibers can be seen

Ground Substance

resemble the limbs of pine trees, with proteins forming the branches and polysaccharides forming the pine needles.

Proteoglycans

germ) (produce the matrix)

-blast

(cell) (maintain it)

Cyte

(break) (break it down for remodeling)

-clast

large white blood cells that are capable of moving about and ingesting foreign substances

Macrophages

non motile cells that release chemicals, s/as histamine that promote inflammatio

Mast Cells

A function of connective tissue where Sheets of connective tissue FORM CAPSULES around organs, such as the liver and kidneys * separate tissues and organs. For example, connective tissues separate muscles, arteries, veins, and nerves from one another

Enclosing and separating other tissues

A function of the connective tissue where Strong cables, or bands, of *connective tissue called tendons attach muscles to bone, whereas *connective tissue bands called ligaments hold bones together.

Connecting Tissue to one another

A function of the connective tissue where Bones of the skeletal system provide rigid support for the body, and the *semirigid cartilage supports structures

Supporting and moving parts of the body

A function of the connective tissue where Adipose tissue (fat) STORES high-energy mol- ecules, and bones store minerals, such as calcium and phosphate.

Storing Compounds

A function of the connective tissue where Adipose tissue CUSIONS and protects the tissue it surrounds and provides an INSULATING layer beneath the skin that helps conserve heat.

Cushioning And Insulating

A function of the connective tissue where Blood TRANSPORTS the gases, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and cells of the immune system throughout the body.

Transporting

A function of the connective tissue where Cells of the immune system and blood protect against toxins and tissue injury, as well as against microorganisms. Bones PROTECT underlying structures from injury.

Protection

2 major categories of connective tissues

Embryonic Adult

is called (mesenchyme) It is composed of IRREGULARLY shaped fibroblasts surrounded by abundant, semifluid extracellular matrix in which delicate collagen fibers are distributed

Embryonic Connective

most of the mesenchyme has become SPECIALIZED to form the types of connective tissue seen in ADULTS, as well as muscle, blood vessels, and other tissues.

Adult Connective Tissue

3 types of Adult Connective Tissue

Connective Tissue Proper (Loose and dense) Supporting Connective Tissue (Cartilage and Bone) Fluid Connective Tissue (Blood)

within a fine network of mostly collagen fibers; often merges with denser connective tissue * LOOSE PACKING, support, and nourishment for the structures with which it is associated

Areolar Tissue

little extracellular matrix surrounding cells; the ADIPOCYTES are so full of lipid that the cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery of the cell * Packing material, thermal insulation, energy storage, and protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred

Adipose Connective Tissue

Fine network of RETICULAR fibers irregularly arranged * Provides a superstructure for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues

Reticular Connective Tissue

most common cell in loose connective tissue; produces matrix

Fibroblasts

attach muscle to the bone

Tendons

attach bones to other bones

Ligaments

connective tissue of the skin

Dermis

Has an extracellular matrix consisting mostly of COLLAGEN FIBERS.

Dense Collagenous Connective Tissue

Collagen fibers are oriented in the SAME DIRECTION in tendons and ligaments

Dense Regular

oriented in DIFFERENT DIRECTION s/as in dermis and in organ capsules

Dense Irregular

Matrix composed of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same direction

Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue

Matrix composed of REGULARLY ARRANGED collagen fibers and ELASTIC FIBERS

Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

ABUNDANT ELASTIC FIBERS ; allow the tissue to stretch and recoil

Dense Elastic Connective Tissue

composed of CHONDROCYTES or CARTILAGE CELLS (located in spaces called lacunae) * collagen for flexibility and stregnth • heals slowly due to absence of blood vessels • RIGID and ELASTIC

Cartilage

• Most abundant type • covers ends of the bones (joints) • cartilage rings of the respiratory tract, nasal cartilages and costal cartilages

Hyaline

The SURFACE of nearly all cartilage is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue

Perichondrium

Collagen fibers are small and EVENLY DISPERSED in the matrix, making the matrix appear transparent; the cartilage cells, or chondrocytes, are found in spaces, or lacunae, within the firm but flexible matrix

Hyaline Cartilage

allows the growth of long bones; provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs, and nose; forms rugged, smooth, yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces; forms the embryonic skeleton

Hyaline Cartilage

Collagen fibers similar to those in hyaline cartilage; the fibers ARE MORE NUMEROUS than in other cartilages and are arranged in THICK BUNDLES.

Fibrocartilage

Somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure; connects structures subjected to great pressure

Fibrocartilage

Similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix also contains ELASTIC FIBERS. * Provides rigidity with even more FLEXIBILITY than hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers return to their original shape after being STRETCHED *COLLAGEN AND PROTEOGLYCANS

Elastic Cartilage

HARD CONNECTIVE TISSUE that consist of living cells and a mineralized matrix * strong and rigid for support and protection • compact and spongy

Bone

Bone cells

Osteocytes

Where are Osteocytes located

Lacunae

MATRIX IS FLUID which enables for transportaion of nutrients, oxygen, waste products and other material

Blood

able to CONTRACT or shorten, making movement possible

Muscle Tissue

3 types of Muscle Tissue

*Skeletal *Smooth *Cardiac

40% of a person’s body weight • attaches to the skeleton and enables the body to move • described as VOLUNTARY LONG AND CYLINDRICAL, with several nuclei per cell • striated or banded because of the arrangement of contractile proteins within the cell

Skeletal Muscle

Movement of the body: under VOLUNTARY CONTROL

Skeletal muscle

MUSCLE OF THE HEART; responsible for pumping blood • INVOLUNTARY control

Cardiac Muscle

CONNECTS the cardiac muscle to each other

Intercalated Disks

cylindrical and striated and have a single nucleus; they are branched and connected to one another by intercalated disks,

Cardiac Muscle

Forms the walls of hollow organs (except the heart) • skin and eyes • moving food through the digestive tract and emptying the urinary bladder • controlled INVOLUNTARY • TAPERED at each end, have a single nucleus and NOT STRIATED

Smooth Muscle

Regulates the size of organs, forces fluid through tubes, controls the amount of light entering the eye, and produces "goose bumps" in the skin;

Smooth Muscle

Forms the brain, spinal cord and nerves *COORDINATING AND CONTROLLING many body activities • functions depends on the ability of nerve cells to communicate with each other through action potentials • consist of neurons and support cells • NEURONS

Nervous TISSUE

Responsible for conducting action potentials

Neurons

3 parts of Neurons

Cell Body Dendrites Axons

CONTAINS THE NUCLEUS and is the site of general cell functions

Cell Body

RECEIVE STIMULI leading to electrical changes

Dendrites

where the ACTION POTENTIALS USUALLY (ORIGINATES)

Axons

SUPPORT CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM; nourish, protect and insulate the neurons

Neuroglia

thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity • consists of epithelium and the connective tissue on which the epithelium rests

Tissue Membranes

4 Tissue membranes in the Body

Skin Mucuous Serous Membrane Synovial Membrane

Thick layer of loose connective tissue • line cavities that open to the outside of the body (digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts) • many mucous membranes have mucous glands which secrete mucus

Mucous Membranes

simple squamous epithelium resting on a delicate layer of loose connective tissue. • line the trunk cavities and cover the organs • secrete serous fluid, covers the surface of the membrane • PLEURAL, PERICARDIAL , PERITONEAL

Serous Membranes

Made up of connective tissue • line the inside of joint cavities (the space where bones) come together within a movable joint • reduce friction and allow smooth movement • Synovial fluid

Synovial Membranes

is the response that occurs when tissues are damaged.

Inflammation

Inflammation has five major manifestations

Redness Heat Swelling Pain Disturbed Function

are released or activated in the injured tissues and adjacent blood vessels * histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and others

Chemical Mediators

results when water, proteins and other substances from the blood move into the tissues.

EDEMA or swelling

walls of the site of injury

Fibrin

The surface of the clot dries to form a___________?, which seals the wound and helps prevent infection.

Scab

They ingest bacteria, thus helping fight infection, and they ingest tissue debris and clear the area for repair.

Neutrophil

Neutrophils are killed in this process and can accumulate as a mixture of dead cells and fluid called__________?

Pus

Results when the agent responsible for an injury is not removed or something else interferes with the healing process

Chronic Inflammation

substitution of viable cells for dead cells • occurs by regeneration or by fibrosis

Tissue Repair

same cells as destroyed cells

Regeneration

new type of tissue develops

Fibrosis

saclike structure

Acinus or Alveolus

Tissues Flashcards

(121 cards)