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BDS 1 BAMS > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

describe the stages required for tissue preparation for histology

A

collecting - depends on where the tissue is, skin punch biopsy, organ needle biopsy
fixation - to preserve tissues as they are invivo, done using chemical formaldehyde stops processes
dehydration - must be put in wax which is incompatible with water - series of increasing alcohol conc. to remove
embedding - placed in a wax block of paraffin wax
sectioning - 7um thick sections cut using microtome, mounted on to glass slide
staining - to see certain structures of the cell

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2
Q

what stains are used in histology

A

H&E - stains nuclei purple and cytoplasm pink
PAS - stains complex carbohydrates pink
Masson’s trichrome - nuclei blue, collagen green and muscle red

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3
Q

what is immunohistochemistry

A

using antigen to antibody binding to see a specific protein, antigen bound to fluorescence

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4
Q

what are the 2 main types of epithelium

A

glandular and surface

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5
Q

name 4 roles of epithelium

A

protection - many layers protecting underlying tissue, secretion - secreting sweat when temperature too high, absorption - many creams or topical medication, diffusion - in lungs, diffusion of gases

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6
Q

where can simple squamous epithelium be found

A

in the alveoli of the lungs, for diffusion

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7
Q

where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found

A

in several glands, kidney or salivary, for secretion

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8
Q

where can simple columnar epithelium be found

A

can either be ciliated or non-ciliated - nonciliated in gastrointestinal tract role in absorption, ciliated in female fallopian tubes, cilia waft egg along tube

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9
Q

where can pseudostratified epithelium be found

A

most commonly, columnar found in respiratory tract with cilia

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10
Q

where can stratified squamous epithelium be found

A

surface epithelium, keratinised in skin and masticatory mucosa of the mouth, non-keratinised in lining mucosa

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11
Q

where can transitional epithelium be found

A

in bladder, transitional to accommodate the stretching of the bladder

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12
Q

what components make up the connective tissue

A

ground substance, fibres and cells

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13
Q

what is ground substance

A

gel-like, weak substance to allow transfer between cells made of glycoproteins or hyaluronic acid

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14
Q

what fibres can be found in connective tissue

A

collagen - several different types found in different areas, provides mechanical strength, elastin - to provide elasticity in areas eg the lungs

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15
Q

what different cell types can be found in CT

A

blasts - producing tissue, cytes - maintaining and clasts breaking it down. also several blood vessels as is highly vascularised and immune cells

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16
Q

what are the main types of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper - loose or dense, skeletal - bone or cartilage, fluid - blood or lymph

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17
Q

what are the types of loose connective tissue

A

reticular, areolar and adipose

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18
Q

how can reticular loose CT be classified and where can it be found

A

characterised by black reticular fibres - type 3 collagen, provides framework for highly cellular structures, found in liver, lymph nodes and spleen

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19
Q

how can areolar loose CT be classified and where can it be found

A

high volume of ground substance, found in submucosa and under skin epithelium

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20
Q

how can adipose loose CT be classified and where can it be found

A

adipocytes in the ground substance, either found within tissue - subcutaneous - or on its own mamillary tissue

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21
Q

what are the types of dense connective tissue

A

regular, irregular and elastin

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22
Q

how is regular dense CT characterised and where can it be found

A

characterised by collagen fibres in the one direction, providing tensile strength in the one direction, found in ligaments and tendons

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23
Q

how is irregular dense CT characterised and where can it be found

A

characterised by collagen fibres in multiple directions, providing tensile strength in many ways, found in subcutaneous, connective tissue surrounding organs (e.g. pericardium)

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24
Q

how is elastin CT characterised and where can it be found

A

characterised by elastin fibres, providing elasticity, around major blood vessels, lungs, bladder

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25
what is scurvy
deficient in vitamin C, unable to make collagen fibres effectively, results in connective tissue lacking strength, tooth loss
26
in bone, how much percentage of the ECM becomes mineralised with hydroxyapatite
70%
27
how is bone mineralised
osteoblasts deposit collagen fibres and vesicles - osteoid, over time these vesicles become mineralised to hydroxyapatite crystals
28
what is the periosteum composed of
2 layers - fibrous layer of dense irregular CT, blood vessels and lymphatics, cellular layer of osteogenic cells and osteoblasts
29
how is cortical bone arranged
in osteons, which contains bone in layers of lamellae with a central canal of blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves,
30
how are osteons produced
osteoclasts break down bone in the centre to make a central canal, osteoblasts around the outside of each layer lay down new bone, when the osteoblasts become trap in the bone they are known as osteocytes
31
where can traberculae bone be found
ends of long bones, in epiphysis
32
how is traberculae bone arranged
arranged in lamellae in rods to form a lattice shape
33
where can endosteum be found
surrounding the central canal, around the rods of the traberculae bone
34
what is different about cartilage compared to other CT
it is avascular
35
what are the cells of cartilage
chondroblasts laying down cartilage, chondrocytes - when blasts get trapped in lacunae
36
what is the 3 types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
37
where is hyaline cartilage found
around the ends of bones, preventing friction at joints
38
what is hyaline cartilage lacking
perichondrium, means it lacks the ability to repair, once lost it cannot be repaired
39
where is fibrocartilage found
abundant cartilage fibres so more strength, surround joint capsule and vertebral disc
40
where is elastic cartilage found
more elastin fibres, epiglottis, larynx and external ear
41
what is osteomalacia and what is it commonly known as in children
lack of vitamin D, results in weaker bones due to lack of absorption of calcium, known as rickets in children as weight bearing bones more effected
42
what are the different types of endocrine secretion and give an example of each
chronic - always secreted at same levels, no stimulus required, thyroid hormone acute - released in response to stimulus, amount secreted dependant on level of stimulation, adrenaline episodic - released in response to stimulus, same amount released regardless of activation, insulin
43
what regulates endocrine secretions
other molecules - glucose levels - humoral neurones - noradrenaline causes adrenaline release other hormones - hypothalamus to pituitary
44
what are the two structures an exocrine gland may have
tubule or acinus
45
what is meant by a compound structure of an exocrine gland
when many branches of tubules or acinars come together to form a duct
46
what are the different methods of secretion of exocrine glands
merocrine - packaged into vesicle, contents released | apocrine - packaged into vesicle, vesicle then pinched off holocrine - whole cell pinched away and released
47
what types of secretions are released from exocrine glands
mucous, serous or mixed
48
how do mucous secretions appear histologically
appear pale in colour with nuclei around periphery of cell
49
how do serous secretion appear histologically
appear pink in colour with central nuclei
50
why can cancer of the pancreas not be removed surgically
it releases enzymes in surgery to cause degradation of the pancreas structure resulting in death of the organ
51
describe 4 functions of the skin
sensation, absorption, protection and thermoregulation
52
what are the layers of epidermis of the skin
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum
53
what is the difference between thick and thin skin
thick skin has an extra layer - stratum lucidum, can produce waxy oils, also has a thicker stratum corneum
54
what cells can be found in skin, other than epithelial cells
merkel cells - nerve receptors, melanocytes for skin pigmentation, langerhans cells detecting infection
55
what layers make up the dermis
papillary layer and reticular layer
56
where is the papillary layer of the dermis found and what is it composed of
found in rete pegs, underlying rete ridges, composed of loose areolar connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves
57
where is the reticular layer of the dermis and what is it composed of
found under the papillary layer, composed of dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibres
58
what is psoriasis
a skin condition in which the cells are dividing too quickly so the cycle is only 7 days, the cells at the top superficial layer are not dead and are pron to bleeding
59
what is pemphigus
when the desmosomes attaching adjacent cells are attacked, the cells break away from one another allowing fluid between them, results in blisters, can occur in the oral cavity
60
how is cystic fibrosis characterised
goblet cells over secreting mucous, blocks duct and airways
61
describe the general structure of a skeletal muscle
one muscle fibre covered by endomyosium, a bundle of fibres held together in a fasicle by perimyosium, and then several fasicles form the muscle, covered in epimyosium
62
what myofilaments make up the sacromere
actin and myosin
63
how are the filaments arranged in the sacromere (in terms of bands)
Z line between each sacromere, M line in the centre of the sacromere, H band where myosin only filament, I band with actin only filaments and the A band where actin and myosin filaments overlap
64
what is the sacrolemma
membrane of the sacromere, contains invaginations called T-tubules, containing receptors for acetylcholine
65
what is the sacroplasmic reticulum
similar to endoplasmic reticulum but contains calcium ions
66
what are the layers of the heart muscle
endocardium, myocardium, pericardium
67
what are the similarities between cardiac and skeletal muscle
both have sacrolemma, sacroplasmic reticulum, sacromere, contract by sliding filaments
68
how do skeletal and cardiac muscle differ
cardiac has intercalated discs - gap junctions to allow electrical transmission from one cell to another, cardiac has a constant leakage of calcium, cardiac can be altered by hormones or nerves, cardiac is involuntary
69
what is the shape of the smooth muscle
spindle shaped when relaxed, globular when contracted. with one central nuclei
70
how are myofilaments arranged in smooth muscle
in a criss-cross lattice shaped, attached on one end to the membrane by focal densities - contraction brings the membrane closer together

BDS 1 BAMS (13 decks)

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