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Tissues and Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of tissues and their function; cells, tissues and organs

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2
Q

What is the study of cells?

A

Cytology

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3
Q

What is the study of tissues?

A

Histology

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4
Q

What is the study of organs?

A

Organology

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5
Q

Which are the four basic types of tissues?

A

Epithelia, connective tissue, muscle and nervous tissue

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6
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Connections of similar cells and the intercellular substances around them

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7
Q

What is epithelia?

A

Continuous layers of cells with little intercellular space which line surfaces and form glands

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8
Q

Types of simple epithelium;

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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9
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Very thin and flat. It forms the peritoneal lining and the inner lining of all vascular elements

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10
Q

Examples of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Mesothelium (small intestine)
Endothelium (artery, vein and nerve)
Lung alveoli
Bowman’s capsule (kidney)

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11
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Lines small tubules and follicles. The cells are about equal in hight and width with a visible central nucleus.

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12
Q

Where can simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Lining the collecting tubules of kidneys and in some of the ducts in some exocrine glands.

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13
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

These cells are taller than they are wide and the height varies

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14
Q

Where are simple columnar cells found?

A

In organs adapted for absorption and secretion. Throughout the lining of the gut, uterine tubes, large ducts of the exocrine glands, small intestine and colon.

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15
Q

Cells in the duodenum

A

Simple columnar cells which are covering the villi

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16
Q

Striated cells

A

Simple columnar. They possess microvilli on their surface, found in the duodenum

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17
Q

Goblet cells

A

Simple columnar. They are adapted for mucous secretion, found in the duodenum and respiratory tract

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18
Q

Pseudo Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Contains columnar and basal cells and give the appearance that it is layered. All cells are attached to the basement membrane, but not all extend to the lumen.

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19
Q

Where are pseudo stratified columnar epithelia found?

A

Lining the upper respiratory tract (ciliated and with goblet cells), trachea, epididymis, testis, ductus deferens and portions of the urethra.

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20
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Thick epithelium found where protection is needed. In the skin, it is rounded with progressive flattening of the cells toward the free surface. There is also non keratinized stratified squamous epithelia.

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21
Q

Where are stratified squamous epithelia found

A

In the skin, linings of the oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal and vagina.

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22
Q

Stratified Cuboidal and Columnar Epithelium

A

Rare types, found lining large ducts

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23
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelia found?

A

Pharynx (sublingual gland), palpebral conjunctiva and the urinary passages (urethra)

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24
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Unusual type of epithelium found in organs which undergo distention and therefore become thicker and thinner.

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25
Where are transitional epithelia found?
Lining the urinary tract from the renal calyces through to a portion of the urethra and the urinary bladder (best example)
26
Microvilli
Increase the surface area and re for absorption, found in the duodenum
27
Cilia
Are whip like structures that beat and move substances along the surfaces of their cells, found the trachea.
28
Sterocilia
Seen in the epididymis, they are giant microvilli
29
Function of single layered epithelia
Secretion, absorption, reabsorption and filter. Hight correlates with each function.
30
Function of pseudo stratified ciliated cells
Transporting mucus and particulate matter along their surface.
31
Location of unicellular goblet cell
Small intestine, colon
32
Location of simple tubular cell
Colon
33
Location of compound acinar cell
Pancreas
34
Location of endocrine cells
Suprarenal
35
Connective tissue
Cells embedded in intercellular substances; the matrix is typically abundant and the cels less so.
36
Types of general connective tissue
Loose and fibrous
37
Types of special connective tissue
Cartilage Bone Hemopoietic tissue Blood
38
Types of cartilage
Hyaline (Spaced out chondrocytes) Elastic (Lots of collagen fibers visible) Fibrous (Compact chondrocytes and elastic fibers) They are distinguished by the amount of protein fibers it contains
39
Types of loose connective tissue
Mesenchyme Adipose Alveolar Dense
40
General connective tissues
Divided into loose or fibrous depending on the matrix. If the protein fibers (collagen or elastic) are sparse, they it is considered loose, if the fibers are densely packed, it is considered fibrous.
41
Special connective tissues
1. Cartilage and 2. bones which form the skeleton and provide a rigid framework to which all other tissues/organs attach. 3. Blood is fluid connective tissue. 4. Blood stem cells, hematopoietic tissue and bone marrow.
42
Cartilage components
Proteoglycans and protein fibrils. It is anural and avascular
43
Two types of protein fibrils
Collagen and elastin. Found int he ligaments of the vertebral column and in elastic cartilage
44
Collagen
Common, is relatively flexible but with limited reversible extensibility
45
Elastin fibers
less common, but stretch easily with almost perfect recoil
46
Proteoglycans
carbohydrate polymers lined to core proteins and can bind to water. Important for the rapid diffusion of water soluble molecules and cells
47
Cartilage production
Produced by chondrocytes
48
Where are chondrocytes found?
In small cartilage cavities called lacunae
49
What is the perichondrium?
Fibrocellular layer surrounding the cartilage which contains the proliferative cartilage stem cells
50
Most common type of cartilage?
Hyaline, found in bronchi, trachea and articular cartilages
51
Fibro cartilage
Has abundant, densely interwoven collage fibrils with correspondingly less ground substance.
52
Elastic cartilage
Contains numerous elastin fibers, it associated with vibrational functions.
53
Where is elastic cartilage found?
In sound wave production and collection. Pinna, smaller laryngeal cartilages, nasal septum and epiglottis
54
Where is fibro cartilage found?
Areas subject to compressive loading (intervertebral discs), articular menisci and sutures
55
Three types of muscle cells
Smooth, cardiac and skeletal
56
Function of muscle cells
Contraction and all work on ATP powered sliding filaments
57
Where are smooth muscle cells found
In the viscera of the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive systems, blood vessels, hair follicles
58
Function of smooth muscle cells
Occur in sheets and isolated cells. Are under involuntary control of the autonomic NS. Keep air, food, waste and blood moving.
59
Histological characteristics of smooth muscle cells
elongated fibers, spindle shaped cells with a single, centrally located nucleus.
60
Physiological characteristics of smooth muscle cells
Produce slow and sustained levels of tension. Resistant to fatigue. Electrically coupled to one another (gap junctions) Spread action potential
61
Cardiac muscle
Single, branching cells (cardiocytes) arranged in meshwork, which can resist high pressure without tearing
62
Histological characteristics of cardiac muscle
Sarcoplasm is striated due to arrangement of contractile proteins into sarcomeres. Joined to via intercalated discs which provide strong mechanical adhesion and are the site of electrical coupling (gap junction)
63
Histological characteristics of cardiac muscle
Produce rapid and forceful levels of tension. | They are resistant to fatigue.
64
What are the two types of nervous cells?
Neurons and neuroglia (or glia)
65
Neurons
Cells specialized for conducting and transmitting electrochemically medicated information
66
Neuroglia or glia
Cells which support those engaging neural activity
67
What are the 3 basic components of the nervous system?
1. Sensory input which translate stimuli into electrical signals 2. Integration which decides what to do with the info 3. Motor components which directs responses to effector organs
68
Central nervous system
CNS: consisting of the brain and spinal cord and derived from the neural tube
69
Peripheral nervous system
PNS: All the nerves that emanate from the CNS and the peripheral ganglia and the nerves originating from them

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