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Anatomy 201 > Tissues and structures I & II > Flashcards

Tissues and structures I & II Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term tissue.

A

A tissue is a groups of similar cells, usually
having similar embryonic origin and
specialized function

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2
Q

List the 4 general types of tissue.

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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3
Q

Where do tissues develop?

A

Tissues develop from separation of germinal layers in early development

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4
Q

List the 3 germinal layers.

A

– Ectoderm
– Mesoderm
– Endoderm

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5
Q

What does epithelia develop from?

A

Epithelia develop from all three layers

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6
Q

Where does connective & muscle tissue develop?

A

Connective & muscle tissue develop from mesoderm

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7
Q

Where does the nervous tissue develop from?

A

Nervous tissue develops from ectoderm

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8
Q

What does epithelial tissue form?

A

Epithelial tissue forms a superficial layer of skin & some internal organs, inner lining
of blood vessels, duct, & body cavities, and the interiors of the respiratory, digestive,
urinary and reproductive organs

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

Epithelial tissue is closely packed together. Epithelial tissue is arranged in continuous sheets of one or more layers

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10
Q

List the 2 general types of epithelial tissue

A

– Covering and lining epithelium

– Glandular epithelium

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11
Q

Covering and lining epithelium is classified on arrangement of layers and
shape. List the layers and shapes.

A

– Layers: simple, stratified, pseudostratified

– Shapes: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

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12
Q

Describe glandular epithelium.

A

Glandular epithelium is a mass of cells adapted for secretion into ducts, onto a surface or into
blood

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13
Q

List the 2 types of glandular epithelium and state their functions.

A

– Endocrine (ductless) - secretory products released to extracellular space
– Exocrine: - secrete products directly into ducts

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14
Q

Connective tissue is the

A

Most widespread tissue in body

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15
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue binds together, supports and strengthens other tissues, protects &
insulates
internal organs and
compartmentalizes structures (e.g. skeletal muscles)

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16
Q

What is blood and lymph responsible for?

A

Blood & lymph is responsible for transport

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17
Q

What does adipose tissue store?

A

Adipose tissue stores energy and insulates

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18
Q

List the connective tissue cells.

A

Fibroblasts , macrophages , plasma cells , mast cells adipocytes and white blood cells

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19
Q

Briefly describe fibroblasts.

A

Fibroblasts are the most abundant type and are
found in all connective tissues
Fibroblasts are Important contributors to ground
substance and fibers

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20
Q

Briefly describe macrophages.

A

Macrophages are fixed or wandering,

phagocytic

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21
Q

Describe plasma cells.

A

Plasma cells are mature B-lymphocytes

producing antibodies

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22
Q

Describe mast cells.

A

Mast cells are histamine producing cells near the blood vessels

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23
Q

What are adipocytes responsible for?

A

Adipocytes are responsible for lipid storage

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24
Q

List the types of connective tissue and describe each type.

A

Loose (Areolar) connective tissue (serous and synovial membranes are
formed by this tissue)
– Adipose ( white and brown adipose tissue)
– Reticular
• Dense connective tissue (fibrous, elastic tissue)
• Cartilage (hyaline, elastic fibrocartilage, fibrocartilage)
• Bone
Liquid connective tissue-Blood & lymph

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25
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

Muscle tissue provides motion, maintenance of posture, and heat
production

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26
Q

List the 3 types of muscle tissue and describe each.

A

– Skeletal: attached to bones, striated, voluntary
– Cardiac: heart wall, striated, involuntary
– Smooth: walls of hollow structures, not striated, involuntary

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27
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Nervous tissue quickly communicates between parts of
the body, sensitive to stimuli, interpret
information, coordinate action

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28
Q

List the 2 types of nervous tissue and state the function of each.

A

– Neurons: generate and conduct
electrical impulses
– Neuroglia: provide protection and
support for neurons

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29
Q

List the components of the integumentary system.

A

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands,
mammary glands, enamel of
teeth

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30
Q

Describe the integumentary system.

A

The integumentary system[organs] - An extensive sensory organ

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31
Q

What is the function of the integumentary system?

A

The integumentary system forms the body’s protective cover

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32
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of ?

A

The skeletal system consists of bones and

cartilage

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33
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

The skeletal system provides basic shape
and support for body and
muscle action. The skeletal system Also protects
vital organs.

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34
Q

What does the articular system consist of?

A

The articular system consists of joints and ligaments

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35
Q

What is the function of the articular system?

A

The articular system connects the bony parts of the skeleton, provides site
of movement

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36
Q

The muscular system consists of:

A
  • skeletal,
  • smooth,
  • cardiac muscle
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37
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

The nervous system consists of f central nervous system and peripheral
nervous
system.

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38
Q

List the sense/sensory organs of the nervous system.

A

Sense organs: ophthalmic, olfactory, hearing and balance,

gustatory included

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39
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

The nervous system controls and co-ordinates the functions of the organ
systems

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40
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of?

A

Cardiovascular system - heart and blood vessels

lymphatic system - network of lymphatic vessels

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41
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

The cardiovascular system conducts blood to the body

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42
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

The lymphatic system filters excess tissue fluid

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43
Q

What does respiratory system consist of?

A

The respiratory system consists of air passages and lungs

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44
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

The respiratory system supplies oxygen to the blood and eliminates carbon dioxide

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45
Q

What does the digestive/alimentary system consist of?

A

The digestive/alimentary system consists of the digestive
tract from mouth to the anus,
associated glands and
organs

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46
Q

What is the function of the digestive/alimentary system?

A

The digestive/alimentary system are responsible for the ingestion of food and elimination of waste products

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47
Q

The endocrine system is a…

A

System of ductless glands

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48
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

The endocrine system regulates body functions via
hormones secreted into the
bloodstream

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49
Q

What do hormones influence?

A

Hormones influence metabolism,

growth, reproduction etc

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50
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A 
The urinary system consists of the :
• kidneys,
• urinary bladder,
• ureters,
• urethra
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51
Q

None of the organs systems work in isolation.

A

Example - None of the organs systems work in isolation

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52
Q

Name the largest body organ.

A

The skin is the largest body organ

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53
Q

What does the skin provide?

A

The skin provides protection, heat regulation, sensation, synthesis and
storage of
Vitamin D

54
Q

What does the skin consist of?

A

The skin consists of a dermis and epidermis

55
Q

Describe the epidermis.

A

The Epidermis is tough superficial
layer which has sensory
nerve endings sensitive pain,
temperature, touch

56
Q

Describe the dermis.

A

The Dermis is dense layer of

collagen and elastic fibers

57
Q

What does the skin contain?

A 
The skin contains specialised structures:
• Hair follicles
•  Musculus arrector pili
• Sebaceous glands
• Sweat glands
58
Q

What lies between the skin and deep fascia?

A

Between the skin and
deep fascia is the
subcutaneous tissue

59
Q

What does the subcutaneous tissue[superficial fascia] contain?

A 
The subcutaneous tissue 
( superficial fascia ) 
contains:
Sweat glands
Superficial blood vessels, 
cutaneous nerves, 
lymphatics, stored fat
60
Q

What does the superficial fascia lie between?

A

The superficial fascia lies
between the dermis and
overlying deep fascia

61
Q

What is the superficial fascia composed of?

A

The superficial fascia is composed of loose
connective tissue, fat,
superficial blood vessels,
lymphatics and nerves

62
Q

What does the superficial fascia provide?

A

The superficial fascia provides most of the

body’s fat storage.

63
Q

Describe the deep fascia. What does it cover?

A

The deep fascia is a s dense
connective tissue, devoid
of fat. It covers the
muscles

64
Q

What does the deep fascia cover in the limbs?

A

In the limbs it may cover
groups of muscles- fascial
compartments

65
Q

Describe the intermuscular septa

A

The intermuscular septa are sheets of deep fascia
may separate fascial
compartments

66
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of?

A 
The skeletal system consists of the Axial Skeleton:
Cranium/skull
Vertebral column including
hyoid bone
Thoracic cage( ribs, sternum)
Appendicular skeleton: 
Bones of the limbs
including pectoral and
shoulder girdle
67
Q

What are bones?

A

Bones are rigid organs that are part of the endoskeleton of most vertebrates.

68
Q

What do the bones support and protect?

A

The bones support and protect the various organs of the body

69
Q

What do bones produce? What do bones store?

A

Bones produce red and white blood cells and store minerals.

70
Q

What red bone marrow produce?

A

Red bone marrow produces red blood cells

71
Q

List the bones that consist of red bone marrow

A

most fetal bones consists of
red bone marrow, some adult bones like sternum, hip bone, ribs,
vertebrae, skull, ends of arm and thigh bones.

72
Q

What do bones provide?

A

Bones provide support and movement via attachments of soft tissue
and muscle

73
Q

Bones play a role in the…

A

metabolism of minerals such as calcium and

phosphorus. 99% Ca produce by bone

74
Q

What is the skeleton composed of?

A

The skeleton is composed of bones and cartilage

75
Q

what are the bones at a synovial joint covered by?

A

Bones at a synovial
joint are covered by
hyaline cartilage

76
Q

What does the skeleton provide?

A

The skeleton or skeletal system provides low friction , smooth free movement

77
Q

How many bones are present in an infant’s body at birth?

A 
At birth, there are over 270 bones in 
an infant human's body but many of 
these fuse together as the child 
grows, leaving a total of 206 
separate bones in a typical adult, not
counting sesamoid bones and
ossicles.
78
Q

Name the largest bone and smallest bone in the human body.

A

The largest bone in the human body
is the femur and the smallest bone is
the stapes

79
Q

Bone structure :

A 
Diaphysis[ the shaft or central part of a long bone]
• Epiphysis[the wider section at each end of the bone]
• Metaphysis: contains epiphyseal
growth plate
• Articular cartilage
• Periosteum
• Medullary cavity- contains fatty
yellow bone marrow in adults
• Endosteum
80
Q

BLOOD SUPPLY OF BONE - What is at the centre of the diaphysis?

A

At the centre of the diaphysis is the nutrient

foramen- nutrient artery

81
Q

Classification of bone according to

shape

A

There are five types of bones in the human body:

long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.

82
Q

Describe the long bones. List an example.

A

The long bones have a shaft, the diaphysis, that is much longer than it is wide.
Most bones of the limbs

83
Q

Describe the short bones. List 2 examples.

A

Short bones: roughly cube -shaped, and have only a thin layer of compact
bone surrounding a spongy interior. The bones of the wrist and ankle are short
bones

84
Q

Describe flat bones. List 2 examples.

A

Flat bones : thin and generally curved, with two parallel layers of compact
bones sandwiching a layer of spongy bone. Most of the bones of the
skull, sternum are flat bones

85
Q

Describe sesamoid bones. What are sesamoid bones embedded in? List an example.

A

Sesamoid bones: embedded in tendons. Since they act to hold the tendon
further away from the joint, the angle of the tendon is increased and thus the
leverage of the muscle is increased. Examples of sesamoid bones are the
patella

86
Q

Describe irregular bones. List 3 examples.

A

Irregular bones :They consist of thin layers of compact bone surrounding
a spongy interior. The bones of the spine, pelvis , and some bones of the
skull

87
Q

Briefly describe intramembranous ossification.

A

In some bones, such as the flat bones of the skull, mesenchyme differentiates directly
into bone, a process known as intramembranous ossification

88
Q

Describe the sutures at birth.

A

At birth, the sutures are wide and are called fontanelles.

89
Q

Name the most prominent suture.

A

The most prominent of

these is the anterior fontanelle

90
Q

What do the sutures and fontanelles allow during birth?

A

Sutures and fontanelles allow the bones of the

skull to overlap (molding) during birth

91
Q

What do mesenchymal cells first give rise to [in most bones]?

A

In most bones, however, mesenchymal cells first give rise to hyaline cartilage
models, which in turn become ossified by endochondral ossification

92
Q

Define the term ‘joints’

A

Joints are unions/junctions between 2 or more bones

93
Q

Some bones have no movement :

A

epiphyseal
plates of growing
bones

94
Q

Slight movement of joints :

A

Teeth within sockets

95
Q

Freely movable [joints] :

A

shoulder

joint

96
Q

Classes of joints.

A

Synovial joints
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints

97
Q

Describe each class of joints.

A

Synovial joints: united by a joint capsule, containing synovial fluid
Fibrous joints: united by fibrous tissue likes the sutures of a skull
Cartilaginous joints: united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage like the
joints between vertebrae

98
Q

List the types of synovial joints.

A
  • Plane
  • Hinge
  • Saddle
  • Condyloid
  • Pivot
  • Ball and socket
99
Q

List the types of muscle.

A

Skeletal[striated& voluntary], cardiac(striated but involuntary) & smooth(non striated and involuntary)

100
Q

Describe the skeletal muscle.

A

SKELETAL – named for its location – attached to bones and
moves the skeleton.
striated (has light & dark bands under a microscope)
voluntary – under conscious control

101
Q

What does the cardiac muscle form?

A

CARDIAC – forms wall of heart (striated but involuntary)

102
Q

Where is smooth muscle located?

A

SMOOTH – located in walls of internal hollow organs eg.

Blood vessels, GIT (non striated and involuntary)

103
Q

MUSCLES CAN BE DESCRIBED

ACCORDING TO SHAPE - What gets affected?

A

THE MUSCLE’S POWER AND RANGE

OF MOTION

104
Q

List the shapes of muscles.

A 
• Flat
• Pennate[bi- , multi- , uni-]
• Fusiform
• Quadrate
• Circular
• Multi-headed or bellied
*parallel 
*convergent
105
Q

List one involuntary muscle.

A

Cardiac muscle

106
Q

Describe the cardiac muscle.

A

Muscles are striated. Arrangement is similar to
skeletal muscle. However, Junctions between
cells = intercalated discs.

107
Q

What does the cardiac muscle make up?

A

Cardiac muscle makes up the

wall of the heart.

108
Q

What do the ANS regulates not initiate?

A

ANS regulates does not initiate muscles which

contract spontaneously.

109
Q

Where is the smooth muscle in the bladder located?

A

BLADDER- SMOOTH
MUSCLE IN ITS
WALL= DETRUSOR

110
Q

How is the alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle controlled?

A

The alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle is not
consciously controlled.

111
Q

Why does the heart beat?

A

Rather the heart beats because it has a pacemaker

that initiates its own contraction

112
Q

Describe the contraction of VISCERAL (SMOOTH) MUSCLE.

A 
Slow, sustained, 
rhythmic 
contraction not 
under voluntary 
control.
113
Q

Walls of viscera :

A 
GASTROINTESTINAL 
TRACT, BLADDER, RENAL 
SYSTEM, RESPIRATORY 
TRACT, REPRODUCTIVE 
SYSTEM.
114
Q

Does the visceral[smooth] muscle have striations?

A

NO

115
Q

What takes place through the circulatory system?

A

Through this system the heart pumps blood through the body

116
Q

List the 2 components the circulatory system is divided into.

A

pulmonary and systemic circulation

117
Q

List the 3 types of blood vessels in the circulatory system.

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

118
Q

Name the parts of the small intestine.

A

Duodenum , jejunum and ileum

119
Q

Name the parts of the large intestine

A

Ascending colon , descending colon , transverse colon caecum , appendix ,rectum

120
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

The liver filters bacteria and toxins from the blood ; creates energy from carbohydrates, proteins and fats ; manufactures bile

121
Q

What is the liver sheltered by?

A

The liver is sheltered by the rib cage

122
Q

Where is the liver found?

A

The liver is found lying close to the diaphragm and the stomach

123
Q

Name the major endocrine glands.

A

Hypothalamus , pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland , thymus , adrenal gland

124
Q

Female reproductive organs - what is the layman’s language?

A

The womb

125
Q

What is the function of the womb?

A

The womb protects and provides nutrition to the fertilised ovum by enabling it to grow it into a fully formed fetus

126
Q

What happens during parturition?

A

During parturition , contractions of the muscular walls result in the expulsion of the baby

127
Q

What does the uterus lie between?

A

The uterus lies between the rectum and urinary bladder

128
Q

What does the uterus consist of?

A

The uterus consists of body, cervix, joining

vagina inferiorly

129
Q

How do the uterine tubes project?

A

The uterine tubes project laterally
from uterus and open into
peritoneal cavity

130
Q

What is the uterus continuous with?

A

The uterus is continuous with central canal

of cervix

131
Q

What do the male reproductive organs include?

A

The male reproductive organs include the:
• Testes
• System of ducts (epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra)
• Accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands)
• Supporting structures (penis, scrotum)

Anatomy 201 (12 decks)

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