Tissues & Injury responses: skin & musculoskeletal system

Question 1

A reduction in plasma calcium ion levels would affect bone by:

Answer 1

causing increased osteoclast activity

Question 2

Ligments connect what?

Answer 2

Bone to Bone

Question 3

Cartilage connects what?

Answer 3

Nothing. It is for protection.

Question 4

Tendons connect what?

Answer 4

Muscle to Bone

Question 5

Fascia connect what?

Answer 5

Muscle to Muscle

Question 6

What proteins are needed for muscle movement?

Answer 6

Myosin and Actin

Question 7

What are the 4 main tissues

Answer 7

Epithelial, Muscle , Connective and Nervous

Question 8

What does skin do?

Answer 8

Protects.
Regulates temperature.
Provides sensation.

Question 9

What do osteoclasts do?

Answer 9

Chew/resorb old bone

Question 10

What do osteoblasts do?

Answer 10

Build new bone

Question 11

What are the 3 main layers that make up skin?

Answer 11

Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis

Question 12

How many layers are there is the epidermis?

Answer 12

5

Question 13

What are the 3 types of muscle?

Answer 13

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

Question 14

What are the types of connective tissue?

Answer 14

Cartilage
Tendons
Ligaments

Question 15

What are the types of cartilage?

Answer 15

Hyaline, Elastic and Fibro

Question 16

What is the most common type of cartilage?

Answer 16

Hyaline

Question 17

Where would you find Fibrocartilage?

Answer 17

Knees, between vertebrae

Question 18

Where do you find Elastic Cartilage?

Answer 18

Throat and ears

Question 19

If someone has low calcium, what does that mean for their bones?

Answer 19

They will be bendy/flexible

Question 20

If someone has low collage, what does that mean for their bones>

Answer 20

They will be brittle and break easily

Question 21

What hormone is needed for the production of new bone?

Answer 21

Oestrogen

Question 22

Why do males have more dense bones than women if they dont make oestrogen?

Answer 22

The testosterone is converted into oestrogen via the bones

Question 23

Which connective tissues dont grow back and why?

Answer 23

Cartilage, as they do not have any blood vessles.

Question 24

Which connective tissue has more matrix than cells?

Answer 24

Cartilage

Question 25

What are the strap like ropes that connect bones together?

Answer 25

Ligaments

Question 26

What is primary homeostasis

Answer 26

When platelets join gather at the sight of trauma, and together with fibrinogen they form a plug to stop blood from getting out.

Question 27

What is secondary homeostasis?

Answer 27

When the blood clots/thickens to prevent blood loss

Question 28

What hormones affect bone remodeling?

Answer 28

Parathyroid, Calcitonin

Question 29

How does epithelial tissue adapt to perform its function

Answer 29

Epithelial tissue has tightly packed cells with specialized structures like microvilli and cilia for absorption and secretion

Question 30

How does muscle tissue adapt to perform its function

Answer 30

Muscle tissue has contractile proteins that enable it to generate force and create movement

Question 31

How does connective tissue adapt to perform its function

Answer 31

Connective tissue has cells dispersed within an extracellular matrix that provides strength and flexibility

Question 32

How does nervous tissue adapt to perform its function

Answer 32

Nervous tissue has specialized cells called neurons that transmit electrical signals for communication

Question 33

briefly describe the steps of the healing process of skin tissue

Answer 33

- Tissues initiate an inflammatory response to remove damaged cells and debris. - New blood vessels form in the area to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and immune cells. - Cells called fibroblasts produce new collagen fibres, rebuilding the tissue. - Tissue remodelling and maturation occur, where the new tissue gains strength and functionality.

Question 34

What are the benefits of pain?

Answer 34

Pain acts as a protective mechanism, alerting the body to potential injury and preventing further damage.

Question 35

What are the benefits of inflammation?

Answer 35

Inflammation helps initiate the healing process by bringing immune cells and nutrients to the damaged area, fighting infection, and promoting tissue repair

Question 36

What are the major types of joints and their functions

Answer 36

- Fibrous joints: Connected by fibrous connective tissue and allow minimal to no movement. - Cartilaginous joints: Joined by cartilage and permit limited movement. - Synovial joints: Contain a synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid, allowing a wide range of movement.

Question 37

Explain how synovial joints are adapted to allow movement and minimise joint wear and tear

Answer 37

- Synovial joints have articular cartilage to provide a smooth surface for joint movement and reduce friction. - The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint and nourishes the articular cartilage. - Ligaments and tendons provide stability and guide the movement of synovial joints.

Question 38

Major factors influencing tissue healing:

Answer 38

- Blood supply - Severity of damage - Age - Innflammation and infection - Treatment and management