Tissues of the Body

Question 1

Give 3 examples of where you’d find simple squamous epithelium

Answer 1

Bowman’s capsule wall
Endothelium of blood and lymph vessels
Pericardium, peritoneum, pleural cavities

Question 2

Give 3 examples of where you would find simple columnar epithelium?

Answer 2

Most of GI tract
Gall bladder lining
Bile duct lining
Ducts of many glands

Question 3

Where would you find pseudo-stratified ciliates columnar epithelium?

Answer 3

Upper respiratory tract

Question 4

Where would you find stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium?

Answer 4

Buccal cavity
Lower pharynx 
Oesophagus
Anal canal 
Vagina

Question 5

Where would you find stratified squamous keratinised epithelium?

Answer 5

Skin

Occasionally mouth

Question 6

Where would you find transitional epithelium?

Answer 6

Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

Question 7

Where would you find stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Answer 7

Ducts of sweat glands
Ducts of salivary glands
Lactiferous sinus of mammary gland

Question 8

Where would you find stratified columnar epithelium?

Answer 8

Conjunctiva

Some of the male urethra

Question 9

What’s the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Answer 9

Exocrine- secrete into duct and maintain contact with epithelium
Endocrine- secrete directly into blood or lymph, ductless

Question 10

Give 2 examples of unicellular exocrine glands

Answer 10

Goblet cells in the jejunum

Lieberkühn’s glands in the large intestine

Question 11

What is the difference between simple and compound multicellular exocrine glands?

Answer 11

Simple - an unbranched duct straight or coiled

Compound - have ducts which branch repeatedly, acinar, tubular

Question 12

Give 2 examples of multicellular exocrine glands and classify them

Answer 12

Parotid gland - acinar, serous

Submandibular gland - tubuloacinar serous and mucus gland

Question 13

Give 3 examples of endocrine glands

Answer 13

Thyroid
Adrenal
Parathyroid
(Pancreas)

Question 14

What is the limit of resolution?

Answer 14

The minimum distance two objects have to be apart and can still be distinguishable as separate from each other

Question 15

What are the functions of a membrane?

Answer 15

Compartmentalisation
Movement of ions
Intercellular adhesion and recognition
Signal transduction

Question 16

What three things are contained within the nucleus?

Answer 16

DNA
RNA
Nucleoproteins

Question 17

What is the purpose of the nucleus?

Answer 17

Site of rRNA synthesis and assembly

Site of transcription

Question 18

What are the functions of the smooth and rough ER?

Answer 18

Smooth - lipid biosynthesis and intracellular transport

Rough- protein synthesis of proteins with an extracellular destination

Question 19

What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 19

Sort, concentrate, modify and package proteins from the rough ER
Destined to become lysosomes or leave cell by exocytosis

Question 20

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 20

Fuse with and digest contents of endocytosed vesicles.

Question 21

What is the function of peroxisomes?

Answer 21

Utilise oxygen to produce H2O2, used to oxidise other substrates e.g. Alcohol

Question 22

What does the cytoskeleton do?

Answer 22

Maintains and changes cell shape

Provides support and means of movement for organelles

Question 23

Give 3 examples of where you’d find simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 23

Follicular thyroid cells
Kidney tubules
Various duct glands
Covering of ovaries

Question 24

What are the main features of a eukaryotic cell (5 things)

Answer 24

No envelope or capsid
Membrane bound organelles 
Nucleus with chromosomes 
DNA and RNA 
No reverse transcriptase

Question 25

What are the features of a prokaryotic cell? 6 things

Answer 25

``` Peptidoglycan or lipopolysaccharide cell wall No membrane bound organelles Free DNA loops DNA and RNA Pili and flagella No reverse transcriptase ```

Question 26

What are the main features of viruses- 6 things

Answer 26

``` Can be enveloped Can have capsids No organelles DNA OR RNA No pili or flagella Can have reverse transcriptase ```

Question 27

What type of bacterium would you use acid fast stain to identify?

Answer 27

Mycobacterium

Question 28

What colour does the gram stain go if positive or negative?

Answer 28

Positive is blue | Negative is red

Question 29

Define pathogen

Answer 29

A microorganism which causes disease

Question 30

What is the significance of whether a virus has a DNA or RNA genome?

Answer 30

RNA is much more unstable and therefore more likely to mutate

Question 31

What is the significance of whether or not a virus has an envelope?

Answer 31

Enveloped viruses are easier to sterilise because they can't live without their envelope

Question 32

Give 3 examples of enveloped DNA viruses

Answer 32

Hepatitis B Herpes Smallpox

Question 33

Give 3 examples of enveloped RNA viruses

Answer 33

HIV Rubella Rotavirus Coronavirus

Question 34

Give an example of a non enveloped DNA virus

Answer 34

HPV

Question 35

Give 2 examples of non enveloped RNA viruses

Answer 35

Polio | Hepatitis A

Question 36

What bacteria causes tuberculosis and how is it stained?

Answer 36

Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Acid fast

Question 37

What bacteria causes leprosy and how is it stained?

Answer 37

Mycobacterium leprosy | Acid fast

Question 38

Define reservoir

Answer 38

Any person, plant, animal, soil or substance in which a pathogen lives or multiplies

Question 39

Define source

Answer 39

Readily available form of an infective agent

Question 40

Give examples of modes of infection transmission (5)

Answer 40

Ingestion, inhalation, physical contact, inoculation, sexual transmission

Question 41

Define carriage and give an example

Answer 41

Passage taken by a microbe, e.g throat

Question 42

Define normal flora

Answer 42

Non-pathogenic bacteria naturally found in our bodies, e.g. The gut

Question 43

Define commensal

Answer 43

Symbiotic relationship where one organism derives benefit and the other is unaffected

Question 44

Where is the oocyte fertilised?

Answer 44

In the ampulla

Question 45

What is a fertilised oocyte knows as?

Answer 45

Zygote

Question 46

What is the ideal site of implantation for the zygote?

Answer 46

Posterior uterine wall

Question 47

What are the three developmental stages and what weeks do they take place?

Answer 47

Pre-embryonic : week 1 to 3 Embryonic : week 3 to 9 Fetal : week 9 to 38

Question 48

Define cleavage

Answer 48

The dividing of cells into two masses known as blastomeres

Question 49

What is the zona pellucida?

Answer 49

The glycoprotein shell around the oocyte which prevents polyspermy

Question 50

What is the morula?

Answer 50

The result of cleavage of the zygote, each cell is totipotent

Question 50

What is the blastocyst?

Answer 50

The mass of cells formed when the morula is compacted

Question 50

What is the trophoblast?

Answer 50

The outer cell mass which will later form the embryo's support structures, I.e. The placenta

Question 50

What is the embryoblast?

Answer 50

The inner cell mass - will late become the trilaminar disk

Question 50

What is implantation and when does it occur?

Answer 50

Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterus wall - day 6-7

Question 50

What is the cytotrophoblast?

Answer 50

Placental membrane around the yolk sac

Question 50

What is the syncytiotrophoblast?

Answer 50

Cells that invade the maternal sinusoids, resulting in uteroplacental circulation

Question 50

What three main processes occur in week one of development?

Answer 50

Compaction - day 4 - blastomeres compact to form blastocyst Hatching - day 5- blastocyst hatches from zona pellucida Implantation begins - day 6-7