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Science Gr10 - Rai > Tissues & Organs: Specialized Animal Cells > Flashcards

Tissues & Organs: Specialized Animal Cells Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

Types of Organisms

A

unicellular & multicellular

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2
Q

what is a unicellular organism?

A

A unicellular organism is a single-celled organism.

Examples: bacteria, yeast, the amoeba.

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3
Q

what is a A multicellular organism?

A

A multicellular organism consists of groups of specialized
cells that live and work together.

There is a very high level
of differentiation, cell specialization, and coordination
of cellular activities.

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4
Q

what is Cell specialization?

A

The evolutionary adaptation of a cell or
group of cells to carry out one particular function.

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5
Q

what are Advantage of cell specialization?

A

A cell that carries out only one function can be much more efficient at that one job.

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6
Q

what are Disadvantage of cell specialization?

A

The cells are dependent upon one another. If one group of cells fails to do its job, the other cells will perish.

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7
Q

Levels of Cellular Organization

A

Cell: A cell is the smallest unit that can carry out all the processes of life. (muscle cell)

Tissue: A group of similar cells that carry out a specific function. (muscle tissue)

Organ: Groups of tissues functioning as a unit, performing the same function. (organ - bladder)

Organ System: A group of organs that work together to carry out related tasks. Various organ systems work together to form a multicellular organism.
(digestive system)

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8
Q

Every ____ in your body originally came from a small group of ______

A

Every cell in your body originally came from a small group of stem cells.

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9
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

stem cell is an unspecialized cell that has the ability to renew themselves through cell division (self-renew) and have the potential to develop into many different cell types (differentiation).

(bone marrow –>
stem cells –>
white blood cells, red blood cells, platets)

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10
Q

when can stem cells form specialized cells?

A

Stem cells can form specialized cells when exposed to the proper environmental conditions, or they can remain unspecialized and actively dividing for long periods.

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11
Q

what are two types of stem cells?

A

embryonic stem cells
adult stem cells

Both types share the ability to differentiate into specialized cell types, but they differ in other attributes.

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12
Q

what are Embryonic stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells are derived during early embryonic development at the blastocyst stage and can differentiate into any cell type.

blastocyst –> stem cells

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13
Q

what are adult stem cells?

A

adult stem cells are rare, undifferentiated cells present in many adult tissues.

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14
Q

what is the function of adult stem cells?

A

Their primary role is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they reside. The ability of adult stem cells to differentiate is limited.

red bone marrow —>
hematopoietics stem cells (HSCs) —>
red blood cell, white blood cells, platets

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15
Q

A multicellular organism is made up of ________.

A

A multicellular organism is made up of many cells.

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16
Q

It would be very challenging if each cell was working completely __________ and needed to perform all of the necessary life processes itself.

A

It would be very challenging if each cell was working completely independently and needed to perform all of the necessary life processes itself.

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17
Q

Fortunately, cells can ____________ and become ___________.

A

Fortunately, cells can group together and become specialized.

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18
Q

These groups of cells that function together to perform specialized tasks are called __________

A

tissues

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19
Q

There are ______ main types of tissues in animal cells.

A

There are 4 main types of tissues in animal cells.

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20
Q

The 4 main types of tissues in animal cells are:

A

The 4 main types of tissues in animal cells are:

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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21
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

is made of cells that are tightly packed together to form a protective barrier. Epithelial tissue may be one cell thick or consist of several layers of cells.

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22
Q

_________ may be one cell thick or consist of several layers of cells.

A

Epithelial tissue may be one cell thick or consist of several layers of cells.

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23
Q

lines body cavities and outer surface of body, protects structures, forms glands that produce hormones, enzymes, and sweat.

A

Epithelial tissue

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24
Q

have a slightly irregular shape, and a small, centrally located nucleus. These cells can be stratified into layers

ex. human cervix specimen.

A

Squamous epithelial cells

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25
function of connective tissues
is to join other tissues together. It also supports and protects structures, stores fat and fills empty space.
26
what are the different types of connective tissues?
tendons ligaments bones cartilage blood.
27
what are the types of muscle tissues that are used for movement in the body?
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
28
name a scenario where you would be using your SKELETAL MUSCLE
When you move your arm or leg, you are using
29
where does SMOOTH MUSCLE occur?
Smooth muscle occurs in blood vessels, the stomach, and other organs.
30
where does CARDIAC MUSCLE occur?
Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart.
31
is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?
SKELETAL MUSCLE is VOLUNTARY. this means they move WITH conscious control
32
is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?
SMOOTH MUSCLE is INVOLUNTARY. this means they move without conscious control
33
is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?
CARDIAC MUSCLE is INVOLUNTARY. this means they move without conscious control
34
what is nervous tissue?
made of nerve cells which are capable of creating messages, called IMPULSES, and transmitting them throughout the body.
35
what are impulses?
nerve cells which are capable of creating messages (nervous tissue)
36
receive information from inside and outside the body.
NERVE CELLS receive information from inside and outside the body.
37
what are the 11 organ systems in the human body?
Digestive System Skeletal System Excretory System Nervous System Muscular System Reproductive System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Endocrine System Circulatory System Integumentary System
38
what do you call a group of tissues working together?
Organs
39
what do you call a group of organs working together?
organ systems
40
digestive system?
responsible for ingestion (taking in) and digestion (breaking apart) of food, - absorption of nutrients (into the circulatory system), - the elimination of solid waste. - some organs include the stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
41
skeletal system
- provides support for the body, -protection of internal organs and allows for movement (attachment for muscular system). - Includes bones and cartilage.
42
Lymphatic System
- aka immune system - network of vessels that collects fluid from tissues and returns it to the blood. - contains cells that protect the body against infections (immune system). - Includes the spleen and lymph glands.
43
Respiratory System
- provides oxygen to the body, - removes carbon dioxide waste from the body. - Works closely with the circulatory system. The main organ is the lungs.
44
Endocrine System
- produces chemicals (hormones) that are responsible for many body processes, such as growth and metabolism. - Some organs include the adrenal glands, pancreas, testes and ovaries.
45
Excretory System
aka - urinary system - the body’s cells produce waste products. - The job of the excretory system is to produce urine from these wastes and expel it from the body. - Some organs include the kidneys and urinary bladder.
46
Nervous System
- the body’s main control system. - It interacts with all other organ systems to coordinate responses and activities. - Organs include the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
47
Circulatory System
- provides oxygen, nutrients and hormones to cells and removes wastes from cells. - Also involved in regulating body temperature. - Organs include the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
48
Muscular System
- works with the skeletal system to provide movement. - Also responsible for moving substances throughout the body. - Some organs include skeletal muscles and the heart.
49
Integumentary System
- covers and protects the body. - Contains glands that assist in controlling body temperature. - The main organ is the skin.
50
Reproductive System
produces egg cells (in females) and sperm cells (in males) for reproduction. Some organs include the ovaries and uterus (in females) and the testes (in males).
51
what is an organ?
organ is a number of tissues that work together to perform a specialized function.
52
what are large complex organisms that rely on many different organs to survive?
PLANTS and ANIMALS are large, complex organisms that rely on many different organs to work together in order to survive.
53
the brain function
receives all of the sensory information gathered by the body and coordinates our responses to various stimuli (environmental changes).
54
the brain is mainly composed of
The brain is mainly composed of nervous tissue.
55
what is the skin?
The skin is the largest organ in our body. Its main purpose is to protect the body from damage and from pathogens – disease causing entities.
56
what are pathogens?
pathogens – disease causing entities.
57
The ______ also sweats which allows for temperature control of the body.
THE SKIN also sweats which allows for temperature control of the body.
58
composed of epithelial, connective and muscle tissue. It also contains nerve tissues.
THE SKIN is composed of epithelial, connective and muscle tissue. It also contains nerve tissues.
59
________ is a muscular pump that supplies the blood throughout the body.
THE HEART is a muscular pump that supplies the blood throughout the body.
60
what is the heart composed of?
The heart is composed of muscle, epithelial and nervous tissue.
61
The heart is divided into 4 chambers:
the left and right atria the left and right ventricles
62
the superior vena cava brings
the superior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. This blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
63
From there the blood passes through the __________ into the __________ which carries the blood to the _____
From there the blood passes through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery which carries the blood to the lungs
64
Veins (blue) carry
Veins (blue) carry deoxygenated blood (carry blood low in oxygen)
65
Arteries (red) carry oxygenated blood
Arteries (red) carry oxygenated blood (carry blood high in oxygen)
66
In the lungs, the blood picks up oxygen and is then carried to the _________ and then the ____________
In the lungs, the blood picks up oxygen and is then carried to the LEFT ATRIUM and then the LEFR VENTRICLE
67
lood then enters the ________ which helps transport the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
lood then enters the AORTA which helps transport the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
68
why is the animal organ HEART vital?
Vital because blood circulation allows all of the organs to share their contribution to our health with each other.
69
why is the animal organ LUNGS vital?
lungs are responsible for gas exchange between the blood and the air around us. Oxygen enters the blood while carbon dioxide exits the blood.
70
why is blood significant?
Blood carries oxygen, sugar, proteins, hormones and a number of other important substances that must be shared with all cells in the body.
71
The lungs are composed of....
epithelial and connective tissue.
72
When you breath in air through your nose or mouth, the air passes through the _________ into your ________ (trachea: a flexible tube that is ringed with cartilage)
When you breath in air through your nose or mouth, the air passes through the PHARYNX into your TRACHEA
73
what is a trachea?
(trachea: a flexible tube that is ringed with cartilage) located in ur respiratory system
74
Air moves down the ________ into the _________, into smaller ________ tubes and then into tiny air sacs called __________
Air moves down the TRACHEA into the BRONCHUS, into smaller BRONCHIAL tubes and then into tiny air sacs called ALVEOLI
75
are tiny sacs, resembling grapes, where gas exchange occurs. Surrounded by capillaries.
ALVEOLI
76
CAPILLARIES
the smallest blood vessels that are designed for trading between blood and cells.
77
organs of the digestive system...
Organs that digest your food
78
The entire digestive tract (tube) is composed of all ______ tissue types.
FOUR
79
When food enters the mouth, it travels down a tube called the __________
When food enters the mouth, it travels down a tube called the ESOPHAGUS
80
Food moves along the esophagus because of the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles that line the esophagus. This is called ________
peristalsis
81
From the esophagus, food will move to the ___________
stomach
82
the _________ is a sac that contains both digestive enzymes and acid that break down food.
STOMACH
83
The ___________ churns food and mixes it with digestive juices and enzymes
stomach
84
From the stomach, food moves into the _______________
intestines
85
The ___________ is the site where the nutrients from your food are absorbed into the blood so they can be delivered to the cells.
small intestines
86
The _____________ has the job of taking the unused and indigestible material, mixing it with water, and making feces out of it.
large intestines
87
Solid wastes are stored in the _________ and exit the body through the _________
Solid wastes are stored in the RECTUM and exit the body through the ANUS
88
produces images of organs and tissues within the body. These images can then be used in diagnosis and treatment.
Medical imaging
89
Some examples of medical imaging include:
X-rays Fluoroscopy Ultrasound Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Nuclear Medicine Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Biophotonics
90
in the 18th century smallpox killed ______ of the people it infected. Survivors were left with deep-pitted scars called pock marks
30%
91
Who is Edward Jenner?
In 1796, British Doctor - observed that people that milked the cows and contracted a mild case of a related illness called cowpox never got sick from smallpox - experimented with placing some pus from cowpox sores into an open wound on a smallpox patient’s arm - The patient became resistant or immune to smallpox, Jenner called this a vaccination - As a result of Jenner’s vaccines, smallpox was declared eliminated around the world in 1979
92
how do vaccines work?
93
vaccines in ontario
Vaccines are substances that give a boost to your immune system which helps your body fight disease Vaccinations are now given for many diseases including influenza, tetanus and polio. Recently, Covid Vaccinations have also been offered
94
what virus is a common virus that can live on household surfaces for up to 2 days?
the cold virus
95
When a person ________ or ____________, cold virus droplets are expelled and can contaminate nearby surfaces
When a person coughs or sneezes, cold virus droplets are expelled and can contaminate nearby surfaces
96
public health strategies for viruses
Immunization programs Smoke-free / vape-free environment Promoting Healthy Lifestyles Outdoors Screening Programs
97
Canada has a ________ number of organ donors (about ______ organ donors per 1 million people)
Canada has a lower number of organ donors (about 14 organ donors per 1 million people)
98
transplanting organs
Various organs and tissues can be donated Kidney, liver, lung, small bowel and pancreas can be donated through living donations Some animal to human transplants also occur
99
what is gene therapy?
Involves inserting healthy genes into cells so that the cells will function normally Has the potential to be used to treat cancer, inherited diseases and some viral infections
100
what is cloning?
Cloning creates a genetically identical organism that is an exact copy of a gene, cell, tissue or organism Cloning in animals is more controversial Cloning in humans has many moral and ethical issues. Parents may be able to choose or design their offspring through cloning
101
Cloning in _______ has been occurring for years
plants
102
cloning in animals is more _________
Cloning in animals is more controversial
103
cloning in humans has many _______ and ______ issues
Cloning in humans has many moral and ethical issues.
104
Parents may be able to choose or design their offspring through cloning
TRUE
105
What are transgenic organisms?
Transgenic organisms are those that contain genes from other species ex. regular fruit + bacterium with insect resistance & copy of gene for insect resistant = insest resistant fruit
106
reproductive technologies
includes a wide range of techniques that can be used to solve fertility problems in humans and animals Artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) are examples
107
what is Homeostasis?
Our body systems work together to maintain homeostasis which means “steady state” an acceptable range of different physical and chemical conditions in which the body can function efficiently such as temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, blood glucose levels). Your body systems work together to stay within this acceptable range
108
what must our organ systems be in order to maintain homeostasis?
To maintain homeostasis, our organ systems are INTERDEPENDENT upon each other
109
what does INTERDEPENDENT mean?
Interdependent means two or more things that relate to each other and are dependent on each other for their success or wellbeing. This means that they need and help each other to be successful. * basically all organ systems help eachother out / dependent on eachother

Science Gr10 - Rai (5 decks)

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