Tissues + Structures

Question 1

What is the outer most layer of skin and what is the cellular structure

Answer 1

Epidermis - stratified squamous epithelium - keratinising variety

Question 2

Skin colour is determined by what

Answer 2

Activity (not number) of melanocytes - up take of melanin

Question 3

Connective tissue is from what embryological layer

Answer 3

Mesoderm

Question 4

What are the 2 types of sweat glands

Answer 4

Eccrine (majority) - water

Apocrine - larger, open into hair follicles

Question 5

Sebaceous glands are found where

Answer 5

Hairy skin - grape like structure besides hair follicle

Question 6

What muscles are attached to hair follicles

Answer 6

Erector pili

Question 7

Skin is connected to surrounding tissues by areolar (loose connective tissue) - what structure carries nerves etc within this?

Answer 7

Panniculus Adiposus - fatty layer of sub cut tissue carries nerves and vessels, has some fascia component

Question 8

Deep fascia varies in size for what reason

Answer 8

thick over non-expansile parts and thin over expansile parts for movement

Question 9

Deep fascia nerve supply is

Answer 9

the same as overlying skin

Question 10

2 types of ligaments are

Answer 10

White (non elastic): lots of collagen, may elongate under prolonged strain
Yellow (elastic): ligamentum flavum, capsular ligaments

Question 11

Tendons blood supply is

Answer 11

from an anastomosis between muscle belly and periosteum

Question 12

Where tendons are under friction what structure is present

Answer 12

Synovial sheath

Question 13

Raphes are…

Answer 13

Interdigitation of short tendinous ends of fibres of flat muscle sheets
E.g. Pterygomandibular, mylohyoid, pharyngeal, anococcygeal

Question 14

3 types of cartilage are:

Answer 14

1. Hyaline - articular, avascular, repair is fibrou
2. Fibrocartilage - vertebral discs, menisci etc. has own blood supply and tends to calcify
3. Elastic - pinna, epiglottis - easily distorted, never calcifies

Question 15

3 types of muscle

Answer 15

1. Skeletal - striated, multinucleated, non-branching
2. Cardiac - striated, single nucleus, short branching
3. Visceral - smooth, single nucleus, spindle shaped cells - tubes have circular and longitudinal layers - gap junctions

Question 16

Skeletal muscle fibres

Answer 16

Red - slow/aerobic

White - fast/anaerobic

Question 17

Muscle spindles are

Answer 17

up to ten skeletal muscle cells in connective tissue capsule - more common for fine movements, innervated by gamma MN

Question 18

How are impulses transmitted by visceral muscle?

Answer 18

gap junctions

Question 19

Muscle mover can be (4 types)

Answer 19

1. Primer mover
2. Antagonist
3. Fixator
4. Synergist

Question 20

In limb plexus’ the anterior division supplies flexors or extensors?

Answer 20

flexors (moves anterior) and posterior group supplies extensors

Question 21

name the blood channels in bone

Answer 21

Canaliculi to haversian canals with volkman channels running at right angles

Question 22

2 types of bone

Answer 22

Compact and cancellous

Question 23

Bone development has 2 processes

Answer 23

1. Intramembranous - bone laid down in fibrous tissue - no cartilage precursor
2. Endochondral - hyaline cartilage gradually destroyed and replaced with bone

Question 24

3 types of joints

Answer 24

1. Fibrous - between bones and cartilage - gradually ossify eg skull
2. Cartilaginous - between bone and hyaline cartilage - eg epiphyses and rib cartilage
3. Synovial - moving joints

Question 25

6 characteristics of synovial joints

Answer 25

1. Bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage 2. Surrounded by capsule 3. Joint cavity/potential space 4. Reinforcing ligaments 5. Lined by synovial membrane 6. Varying degrees of movement

Question 26

Hiltons law:

Answer 26

the motor nerve to a muscle tends to give a branch of supply to the joint which the muscle moves and another branch to the skin over the joint.

Question 27

Stability of synovial joint is by which 3 factors?

Answer 27

1. Bony contours 2. Ligaments 3. Muscle

Question 28

Layers of mucous membrane (internal body surface that communicates with exterior)

Answer 28

1. Epithelium 2. Connective tissue (laminae propria) 3. Smooth mucles (muscularis mucosa)

Question 29

Serous membrane layers (lining of closed body cavities eg. pericardium, pleura)

Answer 29

1. Connective tissue 2. Single layer of flattened mesothelial cells two layers slide over each other lubricated by lymph Only parietal layer as nerve supply

Question 30

Vascular layers

Answer 30

1. Tunica intima - endothelial lining (connective tissue in arteries) and has internal elastic lamina 2. Tunica Media - smooth muscle - external elastic laminae 3. Tunica Adventitia - outer connective tissue

Question 31

Lymph tissue is found...

Answer 31

thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen

Question 32

Lymphatics follow veins or arteries?

Answer 32

superficial lymp - follows veins | deep lymph - arteries

Question 33

Veins have a much thinner ___ layer compared with arteries?

Answer 33

tunica media, veins also have surrounding deep space which allows for great dilatation