Tobacco Flashcards
Who were the first users of tobacco and around what year
- Mayans in Central America around 300AD
When the Europeans landed in the New World what did they see the Native people doing with tobacco and when did they bring it back to Europe? What was the general reaction of people?
- Europeans saw that the Natives would roll up tobacco leaves into rods, light them and insert them into their nostrils
- brought back tobacco to Europe in the mid-1500s
- people had general enthusiasm and believed it to have a wide range of medical powers (ie. believing if you insert tobacco smoke into the rectum of someone dying it would save them)
How was tobacco primarily used in the 1600s? Who used it more?
- smoked using a pipe
- occurred in all segments in society and in both sexes
- gathered in tobacco houses (similar to opium dens)
How was tobacco primarily used in the 1700s?
- tobacco was used in the form of snuff
- finely ground tobacco and pinches were taken and snorted into the nasal passage (“taking snuff” was an art)
How was tobacco primarily used in the 1800s?
- chewing tobacco
- Loose-leaf chew: shredded tobacco leaves
- Plugs: shredded tobacco was mixed with ingredients like molasses and then pressed into a rectangular cube
- rolled tobacco cigars became popular in North America around this time too
James Bonsack (1881)
- invented the cigarette machine (increased consumption)
- cigarettes began to appear in the 1850s
How many cigarettes can a modern machine produce per minute?
- 20,000
King James I (1566-1625) of England
- published a Counterblast to Tabacco refuting the medical benefits of smoking
Pope Urban VIII (1624)
- issued a worldwide ban among Catholics because be he felt that sneezing resulting from snuff use too closely resembled sexual ecstasy
Sultan Murad IV (1633)
- prohibited smoking in the Ottoman empire and roamed the streets to enforce the rules himself
- beheaded if they were found
Czar Michael of Russia
- banned smoking in 1634 and enforced it through physical punishment for first time offenders and death for second time offenders
What is part of the “Cushions on the sofa of pleasure”?
Did the bans last?
- coffee, wine, opium and tobacco
- tobacco bans were short-lived
The Anti Cigarette League
- formed in the United States in 1899
- lead by Lucy Gaston who stated that cigarettes are “coffin nails”
What did the Canadian Parliment do in regards to tobacco and what came out of it?
- tried to enforce restrictions and laws for every year for the first decade and a half of the 20th century
- passed some laws restricting sell of tobacco to minors
- these banning and legislative attempts failed and essentially came to an end with the start of WWI when sending cigarettes to soldiers overseas was seen as patriotic
Why did smoking increase in the US and Canada? When did it peak?
- smoking increases bc smoking was advertised as sexy and glamourous
- peaked in the US around 1964 when 40% of US adults were smoking (4300)
Why did smoking start to decline?
- 1964: a report linking smoking to cancer
- since the mid-60s smoking has decreased in Canada and the US
what was the popualtion of smokers in Canada in the 50s?
- 70% but the percentage has been decreasing to a current rate of 13% (10% being daily smokers)
has smoking declined around the world?
- No, smoking has declined in North America but high rates of smoking in some countries like China (males 55%) and increasing in some developing countries
What is the heavy cost that smoking has on society and the individual?
- adverse health costs
- costs Canadians more in health expenses, lost productivity and premature death than the total for either alcohol or illegal drugs
how many minutes is taken from a users life with each cigarette?
- 14mins
- smokers die as early as 12yrs than a non-smoker
Mainstream smoke
- smoke exhaled by the smoker
Sidestream smoke
- smoke emanating from lit tobacco
- more dangerous than mainstream smoke bc it hasnt been filtered by the cigarette and the lungs
Living and working in a place where smoking is permitted increases a nonsmokers risk of developing heart disease or cancer by __%
Is there evidence that links babies exposed with secondhand smoke and SIDS?
- 30%
- YES
Environmental tobacco or second-hand smoke
Mainstream smoke + sidestream smoke
Smoking and genetic evidence
- Belskey et al. study examined thousands of genomes of smokers and found some variants in and around genes that affect how the brain responds to nicotine and how nicotine is metabolized being more common in heavy smokers
- females = heavy genetic influence
- males = same as alcohol dependence genetic influence
Smoking and certain demographic factors
- adolescent age, low SES, less education and high levels of coffee or alcohol consumption are more common in smokers than nonsmokers
Smoking and gender
- females see smoking as a way to maintain their weight more than men do (40% of females reported this as the primary reason to smoke)
- nicotine is an appetite suppressor
Smoking and psychological factors
- smokers tend to exhibit low conscientiousness, low agreeableness, high extroversion, increases neuroticism, more anxiety, less self-control and less morningness-more eveningness
Smoking and childhood experiences
- relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACE’s) and smoking
- suggesting that smoking may be used as a form of pharmacological relief from unpleasant experiences
