Tools In Studying Microbiology

Question 1

The five “I”s of Microbiology

Answer 1

-Inoculation
-Incubation
-Isolation
-Inseption
-Identification

Question 2

Introduction of a sample into a sterile culture media

Answer 2

Inoculation

Question 3

allowing cultures to grow under favorable growth conditions using an incubator

Answer 3

Incubation

Question 4

separating one bacterial species to another using streak
plating or pour plating techniques

Answer 4

Isolation

Question 5

observation of different characteristics by naked eye
(macroscopic) or under a microscope (microscopic)

Answer 5

Inspection

Question 6

identifying the genus and species of the sample using
biochemical tests, DNA-based methods, immunological testing

Answer 6

Identification

Question 7

instrument used to visualize micrometers or
micron (μm) size objects such as microorganisms and cells,made up of lenses for magnification

Answer 7

The Microscope

Question 8

Ability to enlarge objects

Answer 8

Magnification

Question 9

Ability to show details

Answer 9

Resolving power

Question 10

power objective x power of ocular lens

Answer 10

Total magnification

Question 11

Magnification in most microscopes results from interaction
between visible light waves and curvature of the lens.

Answer 11

..

Question 12

angle of light passing through convex surface of glass changes

Answer 12

Refraction

Question 13

requires the use of oil to prevent refractive loss of light

Answer 13

Oil immersion lens

Question 14

Types of microscope

Answer 14

Light and Electron microsope

Question 15

uses visible light, 400-750 nanometers (nm), magnification between 40-2000x

Answer 15

Light microscope

Question 16

uses electron beams, electron waves are 100,000 times shorter than the waves of visible light, magnification is between 5,000- 1,000,000x

Answer 16

Electron Microscope

Question 17

Parts of microscope

Answer 17

1.Eyepiece
2.Objective Lens
3.Nose Piece
4. Adjustment knobs
5. Stage
6. Aperture
7. Microscopic illuminator
8. Condenser
9. Diaphragm
10. Condenser focus knob
11. Stage control

Question 18

-also known as the “ocular”
- a part used to look through microscope
- standard magnification is. 10x with an optical eyepiece from 5x to 30x

Answer 18

Eyepiece

Question 19

-These are the major lenses used for specimen visualization. They have a magnification power of 40x-100X. There are about 1- 4 objective lenses placed on one microscope, each lens has its own magnification power.

Answer 19

Objective lens

Question 20

• Also known as the revolving turret. It holds the objective lenses. It is movable hence it can revolve the objective lenses depending on the magnification power of the lens.

Answer 20

Nose piece

Question 21

-These knobs that are used to focus the microscope. There are two types of adjustment knobs i.e fine adjustment knobs and coarse adjustment knobs.

Answer 21

Adjustment knobs

Question 22

-This is the section in which the specimen is placed for viewing. They have stage clips that hold the specimen slides in place. The most common stage is the mechanical stage, which allows the control of the slides by moving the slides using the mechanical knobs on the stage instead of moving them manually.

Answer 22

Stage

Question 23

-This is a hole on the microscope stage,through which the transmitted light from the source reaches the stage.

Answer 23

Aperture

Question 24

-This is the microscope’s light source, located at the base. It is used instead of a mirror. It captures light from an external source of a low voltage of about 100v.

Answer 24

Microscopic illuminator

Question 25

-These lenses that are used to collect and focus light from the illuminator into the specimen.
-They found under the stage next to the diaphragm of the microscope
-plays a major role in ensuring clear sharp images (magnification of 400x an above)
-The higher the magnification of the condenser, the more the image clarity.

Answer 25

Condenser

Question 26

It’s also known as the iris. It is found under the stage of the microscope and its primary role is to control the amount of light that reaches the specimen. It’s an adjustable apparatus, hence controlling the light intensity and the size of the beam of light that gets to the specimen.

Answer 26

Diaphragm

Question 27

This is a knob that moves the condenser up or down thus controlling the focus of light on the specimen.

Answer 27

Condenser focus knob

Question 28

It controls how far the stages should go preventing the objective lens from getting too close to the specimen slide which may damage the specimen. It is responsible for preventing the specimen slide from coming too far up and hitting the objective lens.

Answer 28

Stage control

Question 29

Types of Light microscope

Answer 29

BDPPDFC
1. Brightfield
2. Darkfield
3. Phase contrast
4. Differential interference Contrast
5. Fluorescene
6. Confocal laser Scanning

Question 30

Types of Electron microscope

Answer 30

TEM(Transmission Electron Microscope)
SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)
Ultramicrotome

Question 31

most widely used; specimen is darker than the surrounding field; live and preserved stained specimens

Answer 31

Brightfield

Question 32

brightly illuminated specimens surrounded by dark field; live and unstained specimens

Answer 32

Darkfield

Question 33

transforms subtle changes in light waves passing through the specimen into differences in light intensity, best for observing intracellular structures

Answer 33

Phase contract

Question 34

-aka (Nomarski Interference Contrast)
-uses interference patterns to enhance contrast between different features of specimens, useful in distinguishing structures within live specimens, no staining

Answer 34

Differential interference contrast

Question 35

uses fluorescent dyes that emit visible light when bombarded with shorter UV
rays, can distinguish between living and dead cells

Answer 35

Fluorescene

Question 36

uses laser beam of light that scan at various depths in the specimen

Answer 36

Confocal Laser Scanning

Question 37

-transmit electrons through the specimen, darker areas represent thicker,denser parts and lighter areas indicate more transparent, less dense parts

-can resolve subcellular structures such as organelles and interior of membranes and molecular structures such as DNA

-thin sections (20-100 nm thick) are cut using ultramicrotome

Answer 37

(TEM) Transmission Electron Microscope

Question 38

provide detailed three-dimensional view, bombards the surface of a whole, metal-coated specimen with electrons while scanning back and forth over it

Answer 38

(SEM) Scanning Electron Microscope

Question 39

used for the preparation of ultrathin sections of samples for TEM

Answer 39

Ultramicrotome