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Pharmacology > Top 100 Drugs > Flashcards

Top 100 Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Atorvastatin

A

Lipitor
Developed by Pfizer

Mechanism of Action: Atorvastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, also known as a statin, which blocks an enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis in the liver. By reducing cholesterol production, it lowers LDL (bad cholesterol) levels and helps prevent cardiovascular events.

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2
Q

Levothyroxine

A

Synthroid, Levoxyl, Euthyrox, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce levothyroxine.

Mechanism of Action: Levothyroxine is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4). It is used to treat hypothyroidism, replacing the deficient hormone to regulate metabolism, energy, and various physiological functions in the body.

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3
Q

Metformin

A

Glucophage, Fortamet, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce metformin.

Mechanism of Action: Metformin is an oral antidiabetic medication that reduces glucose production in the liver, improves insulin sensitivity, and enhances peripheral glucose uptake. It is commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes.

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4
Q

Lisinopril

A

Prinivil, Zestril
Developed by AstraZeneca

Mechanism of Action: Lisinopril is an ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitor that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. By inhibiting this enzyme, lisinopril relaxes blood vessels, lowers blood pressure, and improves cardiac function.

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5
Q

Amlodipine

A

Norvasc
Developed by Pfizer

Mechanism of Action: Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker that inhibits calcium influx into smooth muscle cells, resulting in arterial vasodilation and reduced peripheral resistance. It is used to treat hypertension and angina (chest pain).

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6
Q

Metoprolol

A

Lopressor, Toprol XL
Developed by AstraZeneca

Mechanism of Action: Metoprolol is a beta-blocker that selectively blocks beta-1 receptors in the heart, reducing heart rate and contractility. It is used to manage hypertension, angina, and certain heart conditions.

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7
Q

Albuterol

A

Proventil, Ventolin
Developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)

Mechanism of Action: Albuterol is a short-acting bronchodilator that relaxes the smooth muscles in the airways, providing rapid relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

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8
Q

Omeprazole

A

Prilosec, Losec
Developed by AstraZeneca

Mechanism of Action: Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that suppresses the secretion of gastric acid by inhibiting the proton pump in the stomach lining. It is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and other acid-related conditions.

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9
Q

Losartan

A

Cozaar
Developed by Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action: Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) that selectively blocks the binding of angiotensin II to its receptors, causing vasodilation and reducing blood pressure. It is used to treat hypertension and may also protect the kidneys in patients with diabetes.

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10
Q

Gabapentin

A

Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant, and others
Developed by Pfizer

Mechanism of Action: Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant that modulates calcium channels in the brain, reducing the release of neurotransmitters involved in seizures and neuropathic pain. It is used to treat epilepsy and neuropathic pain conditions.

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11
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide

A

Microzide
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce hydrochlorothiazide.

Mechanism of Action: Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that inhibits sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased urine output and decreased blood volume. It is used to treat hypertension and edema.

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12
Q

Sertraline

A

Zoloft
Developed by Pfizer

Mechanism of Action: Sertraline is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that increases serotonin levels in the brain, enhancing mood and relieving symptoms of depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

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13
Q

Simvastatin

A

Zocor
Developed by Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action: Simvastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) that inhibits the enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis in the liver. It lowers LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels and increases HDL (good cholesterol) levels, helping to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

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14
Q

Montelukast

A

Singulair
Developed by Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action: Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist that blocks the action of leukotrienes, which cause inflammation and bronchoconstriction in conditions like asthma and allergies. It is used to manage asthma symptoms and prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.

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15
Q

Escitalopram

A

Lexapro, Cipralex
Developed by Lundbeck and Forest Laboratories (now part of Allergan/AbbVie)

Mechanism of Action: Escitalopram is an SSRI that increases serotonin levels in the brain, alleviating symptoms of depression and anxiety disorders.

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16
Q

Acetaminophen; Hydrocodone:

A

Vicodin, Norco, Lortab, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce acetaminophen and hydrocodone combinations.

Mechanism of Action: Acetaminophen is an analgesic and antipyretic that blocks pain signals in the brain and reduces fever. Hydrocodone is an opioid analgesic that binds to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, providing pain relief. The combination is used to manage moderate to severe pain.

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17
Q

Rosuvastatin

A

Crestor
Developed by AstraZeneca

Mechanism of Action: Rosuvastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) that reduces cholesterol production in the liver. It is used to lower LDL cholesterol levels and decrease the risk of cardiovascular events.

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18
Q

Bupropion

A

Wellbutrin, Zyban
Developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)

Mechanism of Action: Bupropion acts on dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain, helping to alleviate symptoms of depression, and in the case of Zyban, it is also used to aid smoking cessation.

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19
Q

Furosemide

A

Lasix
Developed by Sanofi

Mechanism of Action: Furosemide is a loop diuretic that inhibits sodium and water reabsorption in the loop of Henle, promoting increased urine output. It is used to treat edema and manage hypertension.

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20
Q

Pantoprazole

A

Protonix
Developed by Pfizer

Mechanism of Action: Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that inhibits gastric acid secretion by blocking the proton pump in the stomach lining. It is used to treat GERD, peptic ulcers, and other acid-related conditions.

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21
Q

Trazodone

A

Desyrel, Oleptro
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce trazodone.

Mechanism of Action: Trazodone is an antidepressant that affects serotonin levels in the brain, helping to relieve symptoms of depression and improve sleep.

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22
Q

Dextroamphetamine; Dextroamphetamine Saccharate; Amphetamine; Amphetamine Aspartate:

A

Adderall
Developed by Shire Pharmaceuticals (now part of Takeda)

Mechanism of Action: Adderall is a central nervous system stimulant that increases the release of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. It is used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy.

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23
Q

Fluticasone

A

Flonase, Flovent, and others
Developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)

Mechanism of Action: Fluticasone is a corticosteroid that reduces inflammation and suppresses the immune response in the respiratory system. It is used to manage allergic rhinitis and asthma symptoms.

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24
Q

Tamsulosin

A

Flomax
Developed by Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals

Mechanism of Action: Tamsulosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist that relaxes smooth muscle in the prostate and bladder neck, improving urine flow and reducing symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

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25
Q

Fluoxetine

A

Prozac, Sarafem
Developed by Eli Lilly and Company

Mechanism of Action: Fluoxetine is an SSRI that increases serotonin levels in the brain, used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and certain eating disorders.

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26
Q

Carvedilol

A

Coreg
Developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)

Mechanism of Action: Carvedilol is a non-selective beta-blocker with alpha-1 blocking activity. It reduces heart rate, dilates blood vessels, and lowers blood pressure. It is used to treat hypertension and heart failure.

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27
Q

Duloxetine

A

Cymbalta
Developed by Eli Lilly and Company
Mechanism of Action: Duloxetine is an SNRI that increases serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain, used to treat depression, anxiety, and certain chronic pain conditions.

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28
Q

Meloxicam

A

Mobic
Developed by Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals

Mechanism of Action: Meloxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that reduces pain, inflammation, and fever by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins.

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29
Q

Clopidogrel

A

Plavix
Developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi (now part of Sanofi)

Mechanism of Action: Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet agent that inhibits platelet activation and aggregation, preventing blood clots. It is used to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes.

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30
Q

Prednisone

A

Deltasone, Rayos, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce prednisone.

Mechanism of Action: Prednisone is a corticosteroid that suppresses the immune response and reduces inflammation. It is used to treat various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.

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31
Q

Citalopram

A

Celexa
Developed by Lundbeck

Mechanism of Action: Citalopram is an SSRI that increases serotonin levels in the brain, used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.

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32
Q

Insulin Glargine

A

Lantus, Basaglar, Toujeo
Developed by Sanofi

Mechanism of Action: Insulin Glargine is a long-acting insulin analog that provides a steady release of insulin over an extended period. It is used to manage diabetes by regulating blood glucose levels.

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33
Q

Potassium Chloride

A

Klor-Con, Micro-K, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce potassium chloride.

Mechanism of Action: Potassium chloride is a mineral supplement used to treat or prevent low potassium levels in the blood (hypokalemia).

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34
Q

Pravastatin

A

Pravachol
Developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb

Mechanism of Action: Pravastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) that reduces cholesterol production in the liver. It is used to lower LDL cholesterol levels and decrease the risk of cardiovascular events.

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35
Q

Tramadol

A

Ultram, Conzip, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce tramadol.

Mechanism of Action: Tramadol is an opioid analgesic that binds to mu-opioid receptors in the brain and inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. It is used to manage moderate to severe pain.

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36
Q

Aspirin

A

Bayer Aspirin, Ecotrin, and others
Developed by Bayer

Mechanism of Action: Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits the production of prostaglandins, reducing pain, inflammation, and fever. It also has antiplatelet properties and is used to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.

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37
Q

Alprazolam

A

Xanax
Developed by Pfizer

Mechanism of Action: Alprazolam is a benzodiazepine that enhances the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, producing anxiolytic and sedative effects. It is used to treat anxiety and panic disorders.

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38
Q

Ibuprofen

A

Advil, Motrin, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce ibuprofen.

Mechanism of Action: Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits the production of prostaglandins, reducing pain, inflammation, and fever.

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39
Q

Cyclobenzaprine

A

Flexeril, Amrix, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce cyclobenzaprine.

Mechanism of Action: Cyclobenzaprine is a muscle relaxant that acts on the central nervous system to alleviate muscle spasms associated with musculoskeletal conditions.

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40
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Amoxil, Moxatag, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce amoxicillin.

Mechanism of Action: Amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, used to treat various bacterial infections.

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41
Q

Methylphenidate

A

Ritalin, Concerta, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce methylphenidate.

Mechanism of Action: Methylphenidate is a central nervous system stimulant that increases dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain. It is used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy.

42
Q

Allopurinol

A

Zyloprim, Aloprim
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce allopurinol.

Mechanism of Action: Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that reduces the production of uric acid, used to manage gout and prevent uric acid kidney stones.

43
Q

Venlafaxine

A

Effexor, Effexor XR
Developed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals (now part of Pfizer)

Mechanism of Action: Venlafaxine is an SNRI that increases serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain, used to treat depression, anxiety, and certain panic disorders.

44
Q

Clonazepam

A

Klonopin
Developed by Roche

Mechanism of Action: Clonazepam is a benzodiazepine that enhances the effects of GABA in the brain, producing anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects. It is used to treat panic disorders and certain seizure disorders.

45
Q

Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone

A

Ortho-Novum, Norinyl, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone combinations.

Mechanism of Action: Ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone are synthetic hormones used in combination as oral contraceptives to prevent pregnancy.

46
Q

Ergocalciferol

A

Drisdol, Calciferol, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce ergocalciferol.

Mechanism of Action: Ergocalciferol is a form of vitamin D that is converted to the active form in the body. It is used to treat vitamin D deficiency and certain disorders related to calcium metabolism.

47
Q

Zolpidem

A

Ambien, Intermezzo, and others
Developed by Sanofi

Mechanism of Action: Zolpidem is a sedative-hypnotic that enhances the effects of GABA in the brain, promoting sleep. It is used to treat insomnia.

48
Q

Apixaban

A

Eliquis
Developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer (jointly developed)

Mechanism of Action: Apixaban is a direct oral anticoagulant that inhibits factor Xa in the coagulation cascade. It is used to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism.

49
Q

Glipizide

A

Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL
Developed by Pfizer

Mechanism of Action: Glipizide is a sulfonylurea antidiabetic medication that stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells, helping to lower blood glucose levels. It is used to treat type 2 diabetes.

50
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide; Lisinopril

A

Prinzide, Zestoretic
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril combinations.

Mechanism of Action: Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that inhibits sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing blood volume and lowering blood pressure. Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor that relaxes blood vessels and lowers blood pressure. The combination is used to treat hypertension.

51
Q

Spironolactone

A

Aldactone
Developed by Pfizer

Mechanism of Action: Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic that blocks the action of aldosterone, leading to increased sodium and water excretion and potassium retention. It is used to treat edema, hypertension, and certain hormonal conditions.

52
Q

Cetirizine

A

Zyrtec
Developed by Johnson & Johnson

Mechanism of Action: Cetirizine is a second-generation antihistamine that blocks the action of histamine, providing relief from allergy symptoms such as itching, sneezing, and runny nose.

53
Q

Atenolol

A

Tenormin
Developed by AstraZeneca

Mechanism of Action: Atenolol is a beta-blocker that selectively blocks beta-1 receptors in the heart, reducing heart rate and contractility. It is used to treat hypertension and certain heart conditions.

54
Q

Oxycodone

A

OxyContin, Roxicodone, Percocet (in combination with acetaminophen), and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce oxycodone.

Mechanism of Action: Oxycodone is an opioid analgesic that binds to mu-opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, providing pain relief. It is used to manage moderate to severe pain.

55
Q

Buspirone

A

BuSpar
Developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb

Mechanism of Action: Buspirone is an anxiolytic that acts as a partial agonist of serotonin receptors in the brain, helping to alleviate symptoms of anxiety disorders.

56
Q

Fluticasone; Salmeterol

A

Advair
Developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)

Mechanism of Action: Fluticasone is a corticosteroid that reduces inflammation and suppresses the immune response in the respiratory system. Salmeterol is a long-acting beta-agonist that relaxes bronchial smooth muscles, providing bronchodilation. The combination is used to manage asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

57
Q

Topiramate

A

Topamax, Qudexy XR, and others
Developed by Johnson & Johnson

Mechanism of Action: Topiramate is an anticonvulsant that modulates sodium and calcium channels in the brain, stabilizing neuronal membranes and reducing seizure activity. It is used to treat epilepsy and prevent migraine headaches.

58
Q

Warfarin

A

Coumadin, Jantoven
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce warfarin.

Mechanism of Action: Warfarin is an anticoagulant that interferes with the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver, reducing the blood’s ability to clot. It is used to prevent and treat blood clots.

59
Q

Estradiol

A

Estrace, Vivelle-Dot, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce estradiol.

Mechanism of Action: Estradiol is a form of estrogen used in hormone replacement therapy to alleviate symptoms of menopause and prevent osteoporosis.

60
Q

Cholecalciferol

A

Various vitamin D supplements are available over-the-counter.
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce cholecalciferol supplements.

Mechanism of Action: Cholecalciferol is a form of vitamin D that is converted to its active form in the body. It is used to treat vitamin D deficiency and maintain calcium and phosphate levels for bone health.

61
Q

Budesonide; Formoterol

A

Symbicort
Developed by AstraZeneca

Mechanism of Action: Budesonide is a corticosteroid that reduces inflammation and suppresses the immune response in the respiratory system. Formoterol is a long-acting beta-agonist that relaxes bronchial smooth muscles, providing bronchodilation. The combination is used to manage asthma and COPD.

62
Q

Lamotrigine

A

Lamictal
Developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)

Mechanism of Action: Lamotrigine is an anticonvulsant that inhibits the release of glutamate, stabilizing neuronal membranes and reducing seizure activity. It is used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder.

63
Q

Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestimate

A

Ortho Tri-Cyclen, Sprintec, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate combinations.

Mechanism of Action: Ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate are synthetic hormones used in combination as oral contraceptives to prevent pregnancy.

64
Q

Quetiapine

A

Seroquel
Developed by AstraZeneca

Mechanism of Action: Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic that blocks dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain, used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder.

65
Q

Lorazepam

A

Ativan
Developed by Pfizer

Mechanism of Action: Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine that enhances the effects of GABA in the brain, producing anxiolytic and sedative effects. It is used to treat anxiety disorders and as a premedication for surgical procedures.

66
Q

Famotidine

A

Pepcid
Developed by Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action: Famotidine is an H2 receptor antagonist that reduces gastric acid production, used to treat conditions like GERD, peptic ulcers, and gastritis.

67
Q

Folic Acid

A

Various folic acid supplements are available over-the-counter.
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce folic acid supplements.

Mechanism of Action: Folic acid is a B-vitamin essential for DNA synthesis and cell division. It is used to treat or prevent folic acid deficiency and certain types of anemia.

68
Q

Azithromycin

A

Zithromax, Z-Pak, and others
Developed by Pfizer

Mechanism of Action: Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.

69
Q

Acetaminophen; Oxycodone

A

Percocet, Endocet, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce acetaminophen and oxycodone combinations.

Mechanism of Action: Acetaminophen is an analgesic and antipyretic that blocks pain signals in the brain and reduces fever. Oxycodone is an opioid analgesic that binds to mu-opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, providing pain relief. The combination is used to manage moderate to severe pain.

70
Q

Hydroxyzine

A

Vistaril, Atarax, and others
Developed by Pfizer

Mechanism of Action: Hydroxyzine is an antihistamine with sedative properties that blocks histamine receptors in the brain, used to manage anxiety, itching, and allergic conditions.

71
Q

Insulin Lispro

A

Humalog
Developed by Eli Lilly and Company

Mechanism of Action: Insulin Lispro is a rapid-acting insulin analog that helps regulate blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes.

72
Q

Diclofenac

A

Voltaren, Cataflam, and others
Developed by Novartis

Mechanism of Action: Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits the production of prostaglandins, reducing pain, inflammation, and fever.

73
Q

Loratadine

A

Claritin, Alavert, and others
Developed by Bayer (Claritin), various pharmaceutical companies produce generic loratadine.

Mechanism of Action: Loratadine is a second-generation antihistamine that blocks the action of histamine, providing relief from allergy symptoms such as itching, sneezing, and runny nose.

74
Q

Sitagliptin

A

Januvia
Developed by Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action: Sitagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor that enhances the action of incretin hormones, promoting insulin release and reducing glucagon secretion. It is used to manage type 2 diabetes.

75
Q

Clonidine

A

Catapres, Kapvay, and others
Developed by Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals

Mechanism of Action: Clonidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that reduces sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system, resulting in decreased heart rate and blood pressure. It is used to manage hypertension and certain neurological conditions.

76
Q

Diltiazem

A

Cardizem, Tiazac, and others
Developed by Pfizer

Mechanism of Action: Diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker that inhibits calcium influx into smooth muscle cells, leading to arterial vasodilation and reduced heart rate. It is used to treat hypertension and certain heart conditions.

77
Q

Latanoprost

A

Xalatan
Developed by Pfizer

Mechanism of Action: Latanoprost is a prostaglandin analog that reduces intraocular pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor in the eye. It is used to treat open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

78
Q

Pregabalin

A

Lyrica
Developed by Pfizer

Mechanism of Action: Pregabalin is an anticonvulsant that binds to calcium channels in the brain, reducing the release of neurotransmitters involved in pain signaling. It is used to manage neuropathic pain and treat certain types of seizures.

79
Q

Doxycycline

A

Vibramycin, Oracea, Doryx, and others
Developed by Pfizer (Vibramycin), various pharmaceutical companies produce generic doxycycline.

Mechanism of Action: Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, used to treat various bacterial infections and certain inflammatory conditions.

80
Q

Insulin Aspart

A

NovoLog, NovoRapid, and others
Developed by Novo Nordisk

Mechanism of Action: Insulin Aspart is a rapid-acting insulin analog that helps regulate blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes.

81
Q

Amitriptyline

A

Elavil, Endep, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce amitriptyline.

Mechanism of Action: Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant that increases serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain, used to treat depression and certain chronic pain conditions.

82
Q

Paroxetine

A

Paxil, Pexeva, and others
Developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)

Mechanism of Action: Paroxetine is an SSRI that increases serotonin levels in the brain, used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and certain panic disorders.

83
Q

Ondansetron

A

Zofran
Developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)

Mechanism of Action: Ondansetron is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist that blocks serotonin’s action, used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery.

84
Q

Tizanidine

A

Zanaflex
Developed by Acorda Therapeutics

Mechanism of Action: Tizanidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that reduces spasticity by inhibiting motor neuron activity. It is used to manage spasticity associated with certain neurological conditions.

85
Q

Lisdexamfetamine

A

Vyvanse
Developed by Shire Pharmaceuticals (now part of Takeda)

Mechanism of Action: Lisdexamfetamine is a prodrug of dextroamphetamine that increases dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain. It is used to treat ADHD and binge eating disorder.

86
Q

Rivaroxaban

A

Xarelto
Developed by Bayer and Johnson & Johnson (jointly developed)

Mechanism of Action: Rivaroxaban is a direct oral anticoagulant that inhibits factor Xa in the coagulation cascade. It is used to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism.

87
Q

Glimepiride

A

Amaryl
Developed by Sanofi

Mechanism of Action: Glimepiride is a sulfonylurea antidiabetic medication that stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells, helping to lower blood glucose levels. It is used to treat type 2 diabetes.

88
Q

Propranolol

A

Inderal, Innopran XL, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce propranolol.

Mechanism of Action: Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that blocks beta-1 and beta-2 receptors, reducing heart rate and blood pressure. It is used to treat hypertension, angina, and certain heart conditions.

89
Q

Aripiprazole

A

Abilify
Developed by Otsuka Pharmaceutical and Bristol-Myers Squibb (originally), now also generic versions by various manufacturers.

Mechanism of Action: Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic that acts as a partial dopamine D2 receptor agonist and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist, used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder.

90
Q

Finasteride

A

Propecia, Proscar
Developed by Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action: Finasteride is a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor that inhibits the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). It is used to treat male pattern baldness (Propecia) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (Proscar).

91
Q

Naproxen

A

Aleve, Naprosyn, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce naproxen.

Mechanism of Action: Naproxen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits the production of prostaglandins, reducing pain, inflammation, and fever.

92
Q

Levetiracetam

A

Keppra
Developed by UCB Pharma

Mechanism of Action: Levetiracetam is an anticonvulsant that modulates neurotransmitter release, stabilizing neuronal membranes and reducing seizure activity. It is used to treat epilepsy.

93
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide; Losartan

A

Hyzaar
Developed by Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action: Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that inhibits sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing blood volume and lowering blood pressure. Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) that relaxes blood vessels, lowering blood pressure. The combination is used to treat hypertension.

94
Q

Alendronate

A

Fosamax
Developed by Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action: Alendronate is a bisphosphonate that inhibits bone resorption, used to treat and prevent osteoporosis and bone-related conditions.

95
Q

Fenofibrate

A

Tricor, Antara, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce fenofibrate.

Mechanism of Action: Fenofibrate is a fibrate medication that lowers triglycerides and increases HDL cholesterol levels, used to treat hypertriglyceridemia and mixed dyslipidemia.

96
Q

Dulaglutide

A

Trulicity
Developed by Eli Lilly and Company

Mechanism of Action: Dulaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that increases insulin secretion and decreases glucagon release from the pancreas, helping to lower blood glucose levels. It is used to manage type 2 diabetes.

97
Q

Oxybutynin

A

Ditropan, Ditropan XL, and others
Developed by Various pharmaceutical companies produce oxybutynin.

Mechanism of Action: Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic medication that relaxes smooth muscle in the bladder, reducing bladder spasms and urinary frequency. It is used to manage overactive bladder and urinary incontinence.

98
Q

Celecoxib

A

Celebrex
Developed by Pfizer

Mechanism of Action: Celecoxib is a selective COX-2 inhibitor that reduces inflammation and pain by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins. It is used to treat arthritis and other painful conditions.

99
Q

Lovastatin

A

Mevacor
Developed by Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action: Lovastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) that reduces cholesterol production in the liver. It is used to lower LDL cholesterol levels and decrease the risk of cardiovascular events.

100
Q

Ezetimibe

A

Zetia
Developed by Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action: Ezetimibe is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor that blocks the absorption of dietary cholesterol in the small intestine. It is used to lower LDL cholesterol levels.

Pharmacology (1 decks)

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