Top 100 Drugs

Question 1

Acetaminophen

Answer 1

Pain Relief / Analgesic
Inhibition of prostaglandin or cannabinoid receptors

Question 2

Codeine

Answer 2

Pain Relief / Analgesic
Mu Opioid Receptor Agonist and open K+ channel to decrease hyperexcitability (Mostly with C and Aδ Fibres)

Question 3

Albuterol

Answer 3

Anti-Asthamatic / Bronchidilator
Beta 2 Agonist that activates Gs/cAMP pathway to relax bronchi smooth muscle

Question 4

Alendronate / Alendronic Acid

Answer 4

Treat (Post-Menopausal) Osteoperosis
Bisphosphate that is taken with Vitamin D to restore bones

Question 5

Allopurinol

Answer 5

Treat Gout (Inflammatory Arthritis caused by Uric Acid Build Up)

Xanthinine Oxidase Inhibitor decreases uric acid production and prevent gout

Question 6

Alprazolam

Answer 6

Anxiolytic (24 hrs)

Benzodiazepine (PAM) that increases frequency of Cl- Channel opening in GABA-A receptors (Potentiate GABA) and decrease glutaminergic activity

Question 7

Amitriptyline

Answer 7

Treat Depression but now only used for neuropathic pain

Tricyclic Antidepressant that block NA and 5-HT reuptake to re-elevate mood.

Lots of side effects like a1-Antagonism (Postural Hypotension), H1-Antagonism (Sedation), M Antagonist (Constipation)

Question 8

Amoxicillin

Answer 8

Broad Antibiotic

Penicillin mimics D-ala-D-ala motif and inhibit transpeptidase and prevent cross-linking of linear NAM-NAG polymers to inhibit cell wall synthesis

Hydrophilic and able to enter gram-negative bacteria via. porins but prone to beta-lactamase (Need Clavulanic Acid)

Question 9

Amphetamine and Dextroamphetamine

Answer 9

Treat ADHD and Narcolepsy (Drowsy)

Increase Monoamines (NA/DA) in synapse and act as stimulant but could lead to hallucination and psychosis (Loud Speech + Chew Relentlessly + Strange Face Gestures)

… Opposite of Parkinson Patients

Question 10

Atenolol

Answer 10

High BP, Chest Pain Treatment

Beta 1 Antagonist that decreases heart contractility, heart rate, renin release in Juxtaglomerular apparatus to decrease BP. (Water soluble = Long half-life)

Does not cause bronchoconstriction or peripheral Vasoconstriction since selective. BUT cause Type II Diabetes…?

Question 11

Atorvastatin

Answer 11

Decrease cholesterol for patients with cardiovascular disease (or close)

• Familial Hyperlipidaemias / Diabetes / Chronic Kidney Disease
• Myocardial Infraction / Angina / Stroke

HMG-CoA reductase Inhibitor to decrease cholesterol synthesis , decrease VLDL synthesis and remove LDL from bloodstream by LDL receptors

Question 12

Azithromycin

Answer 12

Macrolide Antibiotic that works on broad range of bacteria and mycobacteria.

Bind to 50S subunit and inhibit translocation of aminoacyl tRNA. Prevent grow of bacterial polypeptide since no incoming aminoacyl tRNA (Bacteriostatic)

Question 13

Benazepril

Answer 13

Decrease BP (Treat Hypertension)

ACE Inhibitor that prevent Ang-I to Ang-II (Vasoconstrictor) and reduce Na+ Absorption via. decreasing Aldosterone action

This decreases ENaC expression on collecting duct and reduce Preload and afterload.

Therefore, reduce Cardiac Workload and improve Symptoms of heart failure and increase mortality rate.

ACE also cleaves Bradykinin → ACE Inhibitors increase Bradykinin-Mediated Vasodilation

Question 14

Amlodipine

Answer 14

Decrease BP in angina and CHD patients

Calcium channel blocker that inhibit L-Type VG Ca2+ Channels and prevents Ca2+ Influx. This prevents vascular smooth muscle contraction and cause vasodilation (Decrease TPR/BP)

Question 15

Carisoprodol

Answer 15

Muscle Relaxant for Spasms / Sedation

Possibly trigger GABA-A receptors and induce parasympathetic nerves to alter pain perception and induce sedation

Question 16

Carvedilol

Answer 16

Treat Hypertension and Heart Failure

Vasodilating α1/β1 Antagonists

Block NA action on α1-adrenpreceptors on vasculature to induce vasodilation and decrease BP
Block NA action on β1-adrenpreceptors on heart to decrease HR/contractility

Question 17

Cefdinir

Answer 17

Cephalosporin Antibiotic

Prevent bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibit transpeptidase and prevent cross-linking of linear NAM-NAG polymers

Question 18

Celecoxib

Answer 18

Treat Pain and Inflammation

Selective COX-2 Inhibitor but taken off the market since increased risk of serious cardiovascular problems

Question 19

Cephalexin

Answer 19

Cephalosporin Antibiotic

Prevent bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibit transpeptidase and prevent cross-linking of linear NAM-NAG polymers

Question 20

Ciprofloxacin

Answer 20

Broad-Range Antibiotic

Quinolone Antibiotic.
DNA Gyrase/Topoisomerase II Inhibitors that prevent supercoiling of bacterial DNA and thus prevent DNA packaging

Question 21

Citalopram

Answer 21

Treat Depression or Anxiety

Selective Seretonin Receptor Inhibitor that bind to SERT and prevent 5-HT reuptake selectively and increase 5-HT in synapse to elevate mood.

Have therapeutic lag since takes time for 5-HT1A receptor on pre-synaptic neuron to be desensitized to allow SSRI to only work at post-synaptic neuron

Question 22

Clonazepam

Answer 22

Treat Anxiety

Benzodiazepine (PAM) that increases frequency of Cl- Channel opening in GABA-A receptors (Potentiate GABA) and decrease glutaminergic activity

Question 23

Clonidine HCl

Answer 23

Treat High BP but not used anymore

Alpha 2 Agonist in nucleus tractus solitarius (CNS) and presynaptically inhibit release of NA.

BUT At High Conc, it can still stimulate α1 and Post-Synaptic α2 and induce Vasoconstriction

Question 24

Clopidogrel

Answer 24

Antiplatelet Agent (Prevent blood clot)

ADP (P2Y12) Inhibitors on surface of platelets, which prevents ADP inducing platelet aggregation.

Often used as a secondary prevention (e.g.) Prevent Bloodclot + Prevent another heart attack after fixing heart attack

Question 25

Conjugated Estrogens (Premarin)

Answer 25

Treat Menopausal (40 yrs) symptoms such as vaginal dryness and irritation, hot flashes, and night sweats. Also, prevents bone loss by inhibiting bone resorption Replaces estrogen that body loses during menopause (BUT still at low concentrations of estrogen). Binds to estrogen receptors in hypothalamus and reduces GnRH release and also reduce FSH/LH release from pituitary gland (Pulsatile signalling)

Question 26

Diazepam

Answer 26

Sedation (anxiolytic) → Stress Relief Hypnosis → Treat sleep disorders Muscle relaxation → Treat spastic Muscle condition Anti-convulsant → Treat Epilepsy Could cause short-term Amnesia Benzodiazepine (PAM) that increases frequency of Cl- Channel opening in GABA-A receptors (Potentiate GABA) and decrease glutaminergic activity

Question 27

Diclofenac sodium

Answer 27

Reduce inflammation/pain NSAID inhibit COX1/COX2 non-selectively and prevent prostaglandin synthesis. Some research suggests diclofenac can inhibit the thromboxane-prostanoid receptor, affect arachidonic acid release and uptake, inhibit lipoxygenase enzymes, and activate the nitric oxide-cGMP antinociceptive pathway.

Question 28

Yaz (drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol)

Answer 28

Prevents pregnancy Inhibits ovulation and maturation of follicles by inhibiting GnRH, LH and FSH release.

Question 29

Duloxetine

Answer 29

Anti-depression, Anti-Anxiry, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and chronic musculoskeletal pain SNRI that prevent both 5HT and NA reuptake → Increase NA and 5-HT in Synaptic Cleft → Increase Mood/Anti-depression

Question 30

Doxycycline

Answer 30

Tetracycline Antibiotic that bind to 30S subunit and prevent amino-acyl tRNA binding to aminoacyl site of mRNA. (Prevents incoming of new tRNA) Bacteriostatic

Question 31

Enalapril

Answer 31

Treat High BP, Heart Failure ACE Inhibitor that prevents conversion of Ang I to Ang II, suppressing vasoconstriction and decrease BP. Can also reduce Na+ Absorption via. decreasing Aldosterone action and hence decrease ENaC expression on collecting duct. This will reduce Preload and afterload. Therefore, reducing Cardiac Workload and improve symptoms of heart failure ACE also cleaves Bradykinin → ACE Inhibitors increase Bradykinin-Mediated Vasodilation

Question 32

Escitalopram

Answer 32

Treat Depression or Anxiety Selective Serotonin Receptor Inhibitor that prevent serotonin (5-HT) reuptake selectively. This increases 5-HT in Synaptic Cleft and Improve mood

Question 33

Esomeprazole

Answer 33

Treat Ulcers and Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Proton Pump Inhibitor that suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of H+/K+-ATPase in the gastric parietal cell (Prevent H+ entry to stomach)

Question 34

Ezetimibe

Answer 34

High Cholesterol Treatment Inhibits Intestinal Absorption of Cholesterol via. Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 protein. Used with Statin to lower LDL levels.

Question 35

Fenofibrate

Answer 35

Decrease cholesterol / lipids Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) Agonist, which increases FA Oxidation in Muscle/ Liver and activate Lipoprotein Lipase. This would decrease Serum triacylglycerol (TAG) Used with Statins to lower TAG levels if TAG is not below 10mmol/L. NOT First-Line for Cardiac Risk prevention since results of decreasing lipid risk are mixed.

Question 36

Fexofenadine

Answer 36

Allergy Treatment Antihistamine that selectively antagonise H1 receptors and reduce Phospholipase A2 activity. This would decrease AA synthesis and reduce inflammation.

Question 37

Fluconazole

Answer 37

Triazole Antifungal Drug Inhibit ergosterol and cell wall lipid synthesis / inhibit CYP450 and phospholipid integrity of fungi

Question 38

Fluoxetine

Answer 38

Depression or Anxiety Treatment Selective Seratonin Receptor Inhibitor → Selectively inhibit SERT → Prevent 5-HT Reuptake → Increase 5-HT in Synaptic Cleft → Increase Mood/Anti-depression Therapeutic Lag

Question 39

Adavir (Fluticasone and Salmeterol)

Answer 39

Asthma Treatment/Prevention Fluticasone for Allergy Oral Corticosteroid that inhibit the secretion of histamines, cytokines, and leukotrienes and reduce activity of mast cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages Long Acting Beta 2 Agonist that induce bronchodilation by increase cAMP in Smooth Muscle Cells of Bronchioles

Question 40

Folic acid

Answer 40

Anemia Treatment/Prevention, Development of neural tube in babies Folic acid supplements used to make DNA/RNA for neural development

Question 41

Furosemide

Answer 41

Decrease Edema and Hypertension Inhibits NKCC2 in TALH (Inhibit up to 20% Filtered Na+ is excreted) → Prevent Na+/Cl- Reabsorption → NaCl accumulated in medulla via. TALH would drive H2O absorption in Collecting Duct (Note: TALH is impermeable to H2O and thus effect present in collecting duct)

Question 42

Gabapentin

Answer 42

Treat Neuropathic Pain / Seizure Control Anticonsulvant that bind to α2δ proteins of voltage gated Ca2+ Channel in CNS and prevent Ca2+ entry in nerve ending → Prevent release of neurotransmitters like glutamate → Hyperpolarisation → Decrease Hyperexcitability / Pain

Question 43

Glimepiride / Glyburide / Glipizide

Answer 43

Treat Diabetes Type II Sulfonylurea medications that inhibit K-ATP channels in pancreatic beta cells and decrease K+ efflux. This would depolarize cell and induce Ca2+ influx by VG receptors that drive insulin release form vesicles. Need pancreatic beta-cells to still be alive for working. Normal route: HIgh Glucose synthesise ATP (From glycolysis/TCG) and result in ingiviting K-ATP channels and release ATP

Question 44

Hydrochlorothiazide

Answer 44

High Blood Pressure Treatment Block NCC Co-transporter in DCT and decrease Na+/Cl- Reabsorption. Indirectly increase K+ Excretion in to Collecting Duct, increase Ca2+ Absorption due to decrease Na+/Ca2+ Exchange on basolateral membrane. Exactly how it reduce BP is unknown. Also, Increase PO3- Excretion (Unknown).

Question 45

Hydrocodone / Oxycodone

Answer 45

Narcotic Analgesic Mu Opioid Receptor Agonist and open K+ channel to decrease hyperexcitability (Mostly with C and Aδ Fibres)

Question 46

Ibuprofen

Answer 46

Pain Relief Antipyretic/Anti-inflammatory and Analgesics since inhibit PGE2 (Inflammatory Mediators) BUT Increase Gastric Acid (Cause Ulcers)/ Relax Uterus / Decrease Renal Blood flow / Prevent Platelet Aggregation since inhibit PGE2, PGI2 and TXA2

Question 47

Lantus (insulin glargine)

Answer 47

Treat Type I and II Diabetes Increase Insulin in bloodstream. Binding to insulin receptors results GLUT4 receptor exocytosis and increase glucose absorption from bloodstream into muscle and adipose tissue.

Question 48

Isosorbide mononitrate or Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN)

Answer 48

Chest Pain (Angina) Prevention Enters smooth muscle cell and is converted to NO via. catalysis of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2). NO activates soluble guanylyl cyclase in vascular endothelial cells, Increase cGMP , PKG, MLC concentration (By phosphorylating MLC phosphotase) to increase smooth muscle relaxation

Question 49

Lansoprazole

Answer 49

Treat Ulcers and Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Proton Pump Inhibitor that suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of H+/K+-ATPase in the gastric parietal cell (Prevent H+ entry to stomach)

Question 50

Levofloxacin

Answer 50

Quinolone Antibiotic. DNA Gyrase/Topoisomerase II Inhibitors that prevent supercoiling of bacterial DNA and thus prevent DNA packaging

Question 51

Levothyroxine

Answer 51

Thyroid Hormone Deficiency Therapy Thyroid Hormone Replacement as it is equivalent to T4. T4 can diffuse into the cell nucleus and induce gene transcription. T4 is often converted into T3 (More Active Form) via. Selenodeiodinase I/II

Question 52

Lisinopril

Answer 52

Treat High BP / Heart Failure ACE Inhibitor that prevents conversion of Ang I to Ang II, suppressing vasoconstriction and decrease BP. Can also reduce Na+ Absorption via. decreasing Aldosterone action and hence decrease ENaC expression on collecting duct. This will reduce Preload and afterload. Therefore, reducing Cardiac Workload and improve symptoms of heart failure ACE also cleaves Bradykinin → ACE Inhibitors increase Bradykinin-Mediated Vasodilation

Question 53

Lorazepam

Answer 53

Anxiolytic / Hypnotic Benzodiazepine (PAM) with medium half-life that increases frequency of Cl- Channel opening in GABA-A receptors (Potentiate GABA) and decrease glutaminergic activity

Question 54

Losartan

Answer 54

High BP/Heart Failure Treatment Angiotensin Receptor Blocker that prevent Angiotensin II from binding to AT1 receptors and cause vasodilation (AT1 Antagonist)

Question 55

Lovastatin

Answer 55

Decrease Cholesterol HMG-CoA reductase Inhibitor to decrease cholesterol synthesis, decrease VLDL synthesis and remove LDL from bloodstream by LDL receptors

Question 56

Meloxicam

Answer 56

Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) that inhibit COX1/COX2 non-selectively and prevent prostaglandin synthesis. This would induce antipyretic/analgesia effects

Question 57

Metformin

Answer 57

Treat Diabetes Biguanide that decreases insulin resistance in skeletal muscle by enhancing peripheral glucose uptake (by phosphorylating GLUT-4 enhancer factor) Also reduces hepatic glucose production; inhibits gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver. Most useful in obese NIDDM patient and patients where sulfonylurea drugs not work

Question 58

Methylprednisone

Answer 58

Pain reliever, Inflammation Corticosteroid that decreases inflammation via suppression of the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and reversing increased capillary permeability

Question 59

Metoprolol succinate

Answer 59

Treat angina, heart failure, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, hypertension Beta 1 selective blocker that decreases heart contractility, heart rate, renin release in Juxtaglomerular apparatus to decrease BP. May also be an inverse agonist since it can reduce activity below basal levels

Question 60

Mometasone

Answer 60

Allergy Treatment/Prevention Anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive properties Corticosteroid that decreases inflammation via inhibiting mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and lymphocytes

Question 61

Montelukast

Answer 61

Asthma & Allergy Treatment/Prevention Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist that inhibits LTD4 binding to CysLT1 receptor. This causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels near the bronchi and induces bronchodilation. Overall, Treat asthma

Question 62

Naproxen

Answer 62

Pain Treatment Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) that inhibit COX1/COX2 non-selectively and prevent prostaglandin synthesis. This would induce antipyretic/analgesia effects

Question 63

Omeprazole

Answer 63

Treat Ulcers and Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Proton Pump Inhibitor that suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of H+/K+-ATPase in the gastric parietal cell (Prevent H+ entry to stomach)

Question 64

Pantoprazole

Answer 64

Treat Ulcers and Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Proton Pump Inhibitor that suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of H+/K+-ATPase in the gastric parietal cell (Prevent H+ entry to stomach)

Question 65

Paroxetine

Answer 65

Treat Depression and Anxiety Selective Serotonin Receptor Inhibitor (SSRI) that bind to SERT and prevent 5-HT reuptake selectively and increase 5-HT in synapse to elevate mood. Have therapeutic lag since takes time for 5-HT1A receptor on pre-synaptic neuron to be desensitized to allow SSRI to only work at post-synaptic neuron

Question 66

Pioglitazone

Answer 66

Treat Type II Diabetes Pioglitazone selectively stimulates the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and to a lesser extent PPAR-α. Upregulates target genes such as IRS1, IRS2, PI3K, GLUT4 to increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake

Question 67

Potassium Chloride

Answer 67

Potassium Deficiency Treatment K+ electrolyte

Question 68

Pravastatin

Answer 68

Decrease cholesterol for patients with cardiovascular disease (or close) - Familial Hyperlipidaemias / Diabetes / Chronic Kidney Disease - Myocardial Infraction / Angina / Stroke HMG-CoA reductase Inhibitor to decrease cholesterol synthesis , decrease VLDL synthesis and remove LDL from bloodstream by LDL receptors

Question 69

Prednisone

Answer 69

Treat Allergy, Inflammation, Asthma Oral Corticosteroid that decreases inflammation via suppression of the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and reversing increased capillary permeability

Question 70

Pregabalin

Answer 70

Treat Diabetic Neuropathic Pain Anticonsulvant that bind to α2δ proteins of voltage gated Ca2+ Channel in CNS and prevent Ca2+ entry in nerve ending → Prevent release of neurotransmitters like glutamate → Hyperpolarisation → Decrease Hyperexcitability / Pain

Question 71

Promethazine

Answer 71

Treat allergic conditions, nausea and vomiting, motion sickness, and sedation H1 Antagonist for allergy treatment. Can cause sedation but rapid tolerance. Also able to inhibit mesolimbic pathway. May also inhibit dopaminergic receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the medulla to prevent nausea.

Question 72

Quetiapine

Answer 72

Antipsychotic Atypical 2nd Gen Antipsychotic that inhibit 5-HT2A Receptors in frontal cortex to relieve negative symptoms of schizophrenia and antagonism at D2 receptors in the mesolimbic pathway to relieve positive symptoms pf schizophrenia. However, D2 antagonism is weak and not have strong EPS side effects

Question 73

Ranitidine

Answer 73

Treat Ulcers and Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) H2 Antagonist on parietal cells lead to decrease in Gs and cAMP concentrations in parietal cell. Decrease H+/K+ ATPase activity and decrease H+ or gastric acid secretion to stomach Note: H2 receptor trigger Gs protein

Question 74

Rosuvastatin

Answer 74

Decrease cholesterol for patients with cardiovascular disease (or close) - Familial Hyperlipidaemias / Diabetes / Chronic Kidney Disease - Myocardial Infraction / Angina / Stroke HMG-CoA reductase Inhibitor to decrease cholesterol synthesis , decrease VLDL synthesis and remove LDL from bloodstream by LDL receptors Have long half-life like Atorvastain

Question 75

Sertraline HCl

Answer 75

Treat Depression and Anxiety Selective Serotonin Receptor Inhibitor (SSRI) that bind to SERT and prevent 5-HT reuptake selectively and increase 5-HT in synapse to elevate mood. Have therapeutic lag since takes time for 5-HT1A receptor on pre-synaptic neuron to be desensitized to allow SSRI to only work at post-synaptic neuron

Question 76

Sildenafil

Answer 76

Viagra PDE5 Inhibitor that prevent cGMP metabolism to GMP in smooth muscle cell via. inhibiting PDE-5. Increase in cGMP results in higher PKG conc. that could promote smoothe muscle relaxation by MLC phosphotase pathway

Question 77

Simvastatin

Answer 77

Decrease cholesterol for patients with cardiovascular disease (or close) - Familial Hyperlipidaemias / Diabetes / Chronic Kidney Disease - Myocardial Infraction / Angina / Stroke HMG-CoA reductase Inhibitor to decrease cholesterol synthesis , decrease VLDL synthesis and remove LDL from bloodstream by LDL receptors Have long half-life like Atorvastain

Question 78

Spironolactone

Answer 78

Treat Edema, Hypertension, Heart Failure Competitive Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist at Mineralocorticoid Receptor in collecting duct → Decrease ENaC expression on apical membrane of collecting duct → Reduce water and Na+ absorption in distal tubule → Reduces preload → Reduce cardiac workload Half-life = 10 min BUT Active Metabolite = 16hrs → Slow onset of action

Question 79

Sulfamethoxazole

Answer 79

Antibacterial Drug Nucleoside/tide Synthesis Inhibitors that mimics p-aminobenzoic acid moiety of folic acids) → Inhibit DIHYDROPTEROATE SYNTHETASE (1st Step) and prevent folate formation.

Question 80

Trimethoprim

Answer 80

Antibacterial Drug Nucleoside/tide Synthesis Inhibitors that mimics PTERIDINE-PABA adduct → Inhibits DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE (FH2 reductase is 2nd Step) and prevent tetrahydrofolate formation. Note: Bacterial/Human FH2 reductase is different and trimethoprim selective to bacteria

Question 81

Tamsulosin

Answer 81

Treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) BPH is a dIsease where enlarged Prostate presses on urethra. This causes the Urethra to narrow down and make it difficult to Urinate α1 Antagonists relax Prostatic smooth muscle and decrease pressure on Urethra. This increases the Urinary Flow Tamsulosin (Selective to Prostatic α1) is used as it has high affinity to prostatic α1 receptors + Low effect on BP - Thus, more potent and safe for BPH.

Question 82

Temazepam

Answer 82

Anxiety, Insomnia Treatment Benzodiazepine (PAM) with medium half-life that increases frequency of Cl- Channel opening in GABA-A receptors (Potentiate GABA) and decrease glutaminergic activity

Question 83

Topiramate

Answer 83

Anti-epileptic / Anti-convulsant Blocks Na+ Channels on inactive state (Refractory Period) to decrease Na+ influx into neurons and decrease activity of hyperexcitable cells. As the drug is use-dependent, drug prefentially block Na+ channel on excitatory neurons. Decrease hyperexcitation in more excitatory neurons lead to retain normal action potential activity. Inhibit Glu than GABA. It also stimulates GABA-A receptor activity at brain non-benzodiazepine receptor sites and reduces glutamate activity at both AMPA and kainate receptors.

Question 84

Tramadol

Answer 84

Pain Relief Tramadol is a centrally acting μ-opioid receptor agonist and SNRI (serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake-inhibitor)

Question 85

Triamcinolone

Answer 85

Decrease Skin Inflammation/Irritation Corticosteroids like triamcinolone inhibit phospholipase A2 on cell membranes, preventing the breakdown of lysosomal membranes of leukocytes, which in turn prevent the formation of arachidonic acid, which decrease expression of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

Question 86

Trazodone

Answer 86

Treat Depression Serotonin Antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI). Inhibit 5-HT Reuptake to Increase 5-HT in Synapse and 5HT2R Antagonist to inhibit 5-HT Post-Synaptic Effects (Decrease insomnia, agitation, sexual dysfunction, nausea) Luckily no mAChR antagonism (No Muscarininc Side Effects). BUT Inhibit H1 = Sedative / Inhibit α1 Adrenoreceptors = Orthostatic hypotension

Question 87

Triamterene

Answer 87

Treat HIgh BP / Heart Failure (First-line) Blocks epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) on the lumen side in collecting duct → Reduce water and Na+ absorption in distal tubule → Reduces preload → Reduce cardiac workload

Question 88

Valaciclovir

Answer 88

Antiviral Drug for DNA viruses Prodrug of Acyclovir. Acyclovir enters cell and is converted to ACV-Monophosphate via. Viral Thymidine Kinase (Bioactivation is restricted to viral infected cell) Host kinases then convert it to ACV-triphosphate (Nucleotide) that bind and inhibit Viral DNA polymerase (More specific than Host DNA polymerase) Acyclovir input to 3'End of growing DNA chain → Chain terminates since Acyclovir not contain cylic ring and 3'-OH Acyclovir/Ganciclovir is more effective in chain termination than Iodoxuridine/ Vidanbine since not contain ring and 3'OH.

Question 89

Valsartan

Answer 89

High BP and Heart Failure Treatment Ang II Antagonist at AT-1 Receptor. Prevent Angiotensin II from binding to AT1 receptors and cause vasodilation (AT1 Antagonist)

Question 90

Venlafaxine

Answer 90

Depression or Anxiety Treatment Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) → inhibits both SERT AND NET → Prevent both 5HT and NA reuptake → Increase NA and 5-HT in Synaptic Cleft → Increase Mood/Anti-depression

Question 91

Verapamil

Answer 91

Treat High BP, Chest Pain (Angina), Atrial Fibrillation and Tachycardia L-Type Ca2+ Channel Blockers that decrease Ca2+ Influx into cardiomyocytes during depolarisation in the SA and AV nodes. This reduces slow inward Ca2+ current and result in a slow rise in action potential. Thus, slow down HR and AV conduction which Inhibits Ectopic beats and also decrease contractility of heart.