Top Drugs Flashcards
(920 cards)
1
Q
Lisinopril - Mechanism of action
A
ACE inhibitor; blocks conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
2
Q
Lisinopril - Main indication
A
Hypertension, heart failure, post-MI.
3
Q
Lisinopril - Main adverse effect
A
Common: Cough, dizziness; Serious: Angioedema, hyperkalemia.
4
Q
Lisinopril - Available preparations
A
Tablets: 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg.
5
Q
Lisinopril - Common dosing
A
Hypertension: 10-40 mg once daily.
6
Q
Atorvastatin - Mechanism of action
A
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; reduces cholesterol synthesis.
7
Q
Atorvastatin - Main indication
A
Hyperlipidemia, prevention of cardiovascular events.
8
Q
Atorvastatin - Main adverse effect
A
Common: GI upset, myalgia; Serious: Rhabdomyolysis, liver dysfunction.
9
Q
Atorvastatin - Available preparations
A
Tablets: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, 80 mg.
10
Q
Atorvastatin - Common dosing
A
10-80 mg once daily.
11
Q
Metformin - Mechanism of action
A
Decreases hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity.
12
Q
Metformin - Main indication
A
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, PCOS (for the management of cardiometabolic risk factors, off-label).
13
Q
Metformin - Main adverse effect
A
Common: GI upset; Serious: Lactic acidosis, megaloblastic anemia
14
Q
Metformin - Available preparations
A
Tablets: 500 mg, 850 mg, 1000 mg; XR: 500 mg, 750 mg.
15
Q
Metformin - Common dosing
A
500-1000 mg once daily or BID with meals.
16
Q
Losartan - Mechanism of action
A
ARB; blocks angiotensin II receptor.
17
Q
Losartan - Main indication
A
Hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, ACS.
18
Q
Losartan - Main adverse effect
A
Common: Dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, cough, upper respiratory tract infection; Serious: Angioedema, hyperkalemia, AKI.
19
Q
Losartan - Available preparations
A
Tablets: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg.
20
Q
Losartan - Common dosing
A
25-100 mg/d sid-bid (initial 25-50 mg/d, evaluate after 2-4 weeks)
21
Q
Amlodipine - Mechanism of action
A
Calcium channel blocker; inhibits calcium influx in vascular smooth muscle.
22
Q
Amlodipine - Main indication
A
Hypertension, angina, ischemic heart disease.
23
Q
Amlodipine - Main adverse effect
A
Common: Peripheral edema, headache, diaphoresis, palpitation, flushing, fatigue, nausea; Serious: Peripheral edema, hypotension, arrhythmia.
24
Q
Amlodipine - Available preparations
A
Tablets: 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg.
25
Amlodipine - Common dosing
5-10 mg once daily (qd for IHD)
26
Omeprazole - Mechanism of action
Proton pump inhibitor; inhibits gastric acid secretion.
27
Omeprazole - Main indication
GERD, peptic ulcer disease, H. pylori eradication, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
28
Omeprazole - Main adverse effect
Common: Headache; Serious: Respiratory infections, hypomagnesemia, B12 deficiency.
29
Omeprazole - Available preparations
Capsules: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg.
30
Omeprazole - Common dosing
20-40 mg once or twice daily.
31
Hydrochlorothiazide - Mechanism of action
Thiazide diuretic; inhibits sodium reabsorption in distal tubules.
32
Hydrochlorothiazide - Main indication
Hypertension, edema.
33
Hydrochlorothiazide - Main adverse effect
Common: Hypokalemia; Serious: Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
34
Hydrochlorothiazide - Available preparations
Tablets: 12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg.
35
Hydrochlorothiazide - Common dosing
12.5-50 mg once daily.
36
Simvastatin - Mechanism of action
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; reduces cholesterol synthesis.
37
Simvastatin - Main indication
Hyperlipidemia, prevention of cardiovascular events.
38
Simvastatin - Main adverse effect
Common: Myalgia; Serious: Rhabdomyolysis, liver dysfunction.
39
Simvastatin - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, 80 mg.
40
Simvastatin - Common dosing
10-40 mg once daily in the evening.
41
Gabapentin - Mechanism of action
Binds to calcium channels, modulating excitatory neurotransmitter release.
42
Gabapentin - Main indication
Neuropathic pain, seizures, panic disorder, postherpetic neuralgia
43
Gabapentin - Main adverse effect
Common: Drowsiness, dizziness; Serious: CNS depression.
44
Gabapentin - Available preparations
Capsules: 100 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg; Tablets: 600 mg, 800 mg.
45
Gabapentin - Common dosing
300-1200 mg TID.
46
Levothyroxine - Mechanism of action
Synthetic T4 hormone; replaces endogenous thyroid hormone.
47
Levothyroxine - Main indication
Hypothyroidism.
48
Levothyroxine - Main adverse effect
Common: Palpitations, insomnia; Serious: Thyrotoxicosis.
49
Levothyroxine - Available preparations
Tablets: 25 mcg to 300 mcg.
50
Levothyroxine - Common dosing
1.6 mcg/kg/day once daily.
51
Albuterol - Mechanism of action
Beta-2 agonist; bronchodilation.
52
Albuterol - Main indication
Asthma, COPD.
53
Albuterol - Main adverse effect
Common: Tremor, tachycardia; Serious: Paradoxical bronchospasm.
54
Albuterol - Available preparations
Inhaler: 90 mcg/puff; Nebules: 2.5 mg/3 mL.
55
Albuterol - Common dosing
1-2 puffs every 4-6 hours PRN.
56
Metoprolol - Mechanism of action
Beta-1 selective blocker; reduces heart rate and contractility.
57
Metoprolol - Main indication
Hypertension, angina, heart failure.
58
Metoprolol - Main adverse effect
Common: Fatigue, dizziness; Serious: Bradycardia, hypotension.
59
Metoprolol - Available preparations
Tablets: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg; XR: 25 mg to 200 mg.
60
Metoprolol - Common dosing
25-100 mg BID or XR: 50-200 mg daily.
61
Ibuprofen - Mechanism of action
Nonselective COX inhibitor; reduces inflammation and pain.
62
Ibuprofen - Main indication
Pain, fever, inflammation.
63
Ibuprofen - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset; Serious: GI bleed, renal impairment.
64
Ibuprofen - Available preparations
Tablets: 200 mg, 400 mg, 600 mg, 800 mg.
65
Ibuprofen - Common dosing
200-800 mg every 6-8 hours.
66
Prednisone - Mechanism of action
Corticosteroid; modulates inflammation and immune responses.
67
Prednisone - Main indication
Inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases.
68
Prednisone - Main adverse effect
Common: Insomnia, weight gain; Serious: Adrenal suppression.
69
Prednisone - Available preparations
Tablets: 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 50 mg.
70
Prednisone - Common dosing
5-60 mg daily depending on condition.
71
Clopidogrel - Mechanism of action
P2Y12 inhibitor; inhibits platelet aggregation.
72
Clopidogrel - Main indication
Prevention of thrombosis, post-MI.
73
Clopidogrel - Main adverse effect
Common: Bleeding; Serious: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
74
Clopidogrel - Available preparations
Tablets: 75 mg, 300 mg.
75
Clopidogrel - Common dosing
75 mg once daily.
76
Sertraline - Mechanism of action
SSRI; increases serotonin availability in the CNS.
77
Sertraline - Main indication
Depression, anxiety disorders.
78
Sertraline - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, insomnia; Serious: Serotonin syndrome.
79
Sertraline - Available preparations
Tablets: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg.
80
Sertraline - Common dosing
50-200 mg once daily.
81
Amoxicillin - Mechanism of action
Beta-lactam antibiotic; inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
82
Amoxicillin - Main indication
Bacterial infections.
83
Amoxicillin - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset; Serious: Anaphylaxis.
84
Amoxicillin - Available preparations
Capsules: 250 mg, 500 mg; Tablets: 875 mg; Suspension: 125-400 mg/5 mL.
85
Amoxicillin - Common dosing
500-875 mg every 8-12 hours.
86
Fluoxetine - Mechanism of action
SSRI; increases serotonin availability in the CNS.
87
Fluoxetine - Main indication
Depression, OCD, panic disorder.
88
Fluoxetine - Main adverse effect
Common: Insomnia, nausea; Serious: Serotonin syndrome.
89
Fluoxetine - Available preparations
Capsules: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg; Solution: 20 mg/5 mL.
90
Fluoxetine - Common dosing
20-80 mg once daily.
91
Citalopram - Mechanism of action
SSRI; increases serotonin availability in the CNS.
92
Citalopram - Main indication
Depression, anxiety.
93
Citalopram - Main adverse effect
Common: Dry mouth, drowsiness; Serious: QT prolongation.
94
Citalopram - Available preparations
Tablets: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg.
95
Citalopram - Common dosing
20-40 mg once daily.
96
Warfarin - Mechanism of action
Vitamin K antagonist; inhibits clotting factor synthesis.
97
Warfarin - Main indication
Prevention of thrombosis.
98
Warfarin - Main adverse effect
Common: Bleeding; Serious: Hemorrhage, skin necrosis.
99
Warfarin - Available preparations
Tablets: 1 mg, 2 mg, 2.5 mg, 3 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg.
100
Warfarin - Common dosing
Individualized based on INR (2-10 mg daily).
101
Tamsulosin - Mechanism of action
Alpha-1 receptor blocker; relaxes smooth muscle in the bladder neck and prostate.
102
Tamsulosin - Main indication
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
103
Tamsulosin - Main adverse effect
Common: Dizziness, orthostatic hypotension; Serious: Priapism.
104
Tamsulosin - Available preparations
Capsules: 0.4 mg.
105
Tamsulosin - Common dosing
0.4 mg once daily, 30 minutes after a meal.
106
Azithromycin - Mechanism of action
Macrolide antibiotic; inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
107
Azithromycin - Main indication
Bacterial infections, including respiratory and STIs.
108
Azithromycin - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset; Serious: QT prolongation, hepatotoxicity.
109
Azithromycin - Available preparations
Tablets: 250 mg, 500 mg; Suspension: 100-200 mg/5 mL.
110
Azithromycin - Common dosing
500 mg on day 1, then 250 mg once daily for 4 days.
111
Duloxetine - Mechanism of action
SNRI; increases serotonin and norepinephrine availability in the CNS.
112
Duloxetine - Main indication
Depression, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia.
113
Duloxetine - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, fatigue; Serious: Serotonin syndrome, hepatotoxicity.
114
Duloxetine - Available preparations
Capsules: 20 mg, 30 mg, 60 mg.
115
Duloxetine - Common dosing
30-60 mg once daily.
116
Clonazepam - Mechanism of action
Benzodiazepine; enhances GABA activity in the CNS.
117
Clonazepam - Main indication
Seizures, panic disorders.
118
Clonazepam - Main adverse effect
Common: Drowsiness, anterograde amnesia; Serious: Dependence, respiratory depression.
119
Clonazepam - Available preparations
Tablets: 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg; ODT: 0.125, 25, 0.5, 1, 2mg
120
Clonazepam - Common dosing
0.5-2 mg BID to TID.
121
Pantoprazole - Mechanism of action
Proton pump inhibitor; inhibits gastric acid secretion.
122
Pantoprazole - Main indication
GERD, PUD, H.pylori, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
123
Pantoprazole - Main adverse effect
Common: Headache, diarrhea; Serious: Hypomagnesemia, C. difficile infection.
124
Pantoprazole - Available preparations
Tablets: 20 mg, 40 mg; Injection: 40 mg/vial.
125
Pantoprazole - Common dosing
40 mg once daily.
126
Aspirin - Mechanism of action
Irreversible COX inhibitor; inhibits platelet aggregation and reduces inflammation.
127
Aspirin - Main indication
Cardiovascular prevention, pain, fever.
128
Aspirin - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset; Serious: GI bleed, Reye’s syndrome (children).
129
Aspirin - Available preparations
Tablets: 81 mg, 325 mg; EC tablets: 81 mg, 325 mg.
130
Aspirin - Common dosing
81-325 mg once daily (CV prevention).
131
Ranitidine - Mechanism of action
H2 receptor antagonist; reduces gastric acid secretion.
132
Ranitidine - Main indication
GERD, peptic ulcers.
133
Ranitidine - Main adverse effect
Common: Headache; Serious: Hepatotoxicity, arrhythmias.
134
Ranitidine - Available preparations
Tablets: 150 mg, 300 mg; Syrup: 15 mg/mL.
135
Ranitidine - Common dosing
150 mg BID or 300 mg once daily.
136
Carvedilol - Mechanism of action
Non-selective beta blocker and alpha-1 blocker; reduces heart rate and blood pressure.
137
Carvedilol - Main indication
Heart failure, hypertension.
138
Carvedilol - Main adverse effect
Common: Dizziness, fatigue; Serious: Bradycardia, hypotension.
139
Carvedilol - Available preparations
Tablets: 3.125 mg, 6.25 mg, 12.5 mg, 25 mg.
140
Carvedilol - Common dosing
3.125-25 mg BID.
141
Cyclobenzaprine - Mechanism of action
Centrally acting muscle relaxant; reduces skeletal muscle spasm.
142
Cyclobenzaprine - Main indication
Muscle spasms.
143
Cyclobenzaprine - Main adverse effect
Common: Drowsiness, dry mouth; Serious: Serotonin syndrome.
144
Cyclobenzaprine - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg; ER capsules: 15 mg, 30 mg.
145
Cyclobenzaprine - Common dosing
5-10 mg TID PRN.
146
Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen - Mechanism of action
Opioid agonist (hydrocodone) with analgesic and antipyretic effects (acetaminophen).
147
Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen - Main indication
Moderate to severe pain.
148
Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen - Main adverse effect
Common: Constipation, nausea; Serious: Respiratory depression, hepatotoxicity.
149
Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen - Available preparations
Tablets: 5/325 mg, 7.5/325 mg, 10/325 mg.
150
Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen - Common dosing
5-10 mg every 4-6 hours PRN (max 4g acetaminophen).
151
Rosuvastatin - Mechanism of action
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; reduces cholesterol synthesis.
152
Rosuvastatin - Main indication
Hyperlipidemia, prevention of cardiovascular events.
153
Rosuvastatin - Main adverse effect
Common: Myalgia; Serious: Rhabdomyolysis, liver dysfunction.
154
Rosuvastatin - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg.
155
Rosuvastatin - Common dosing
5-40 mg once daily.
156
Venlafaxine - Mechanism of action
SNRI; increases serotonin and norepinephrine availability in the CNS.
157
Venlafaxine - Main indication
Major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder.
158
Venlafaxine - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, insomnia, dry mouth, dizziness, headache, diaphoresis, anxiety, impotence. ; Serious: Serotonin syndrome, hypertension, suicidal thoughts, withdrawal syndrome,
159
Venlafaxine - Available preparations
Tablets: 25 mg, 37.5 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 150 mg; XR: 37.5-225 mg.
160
Venlafaxine - Common dosing
75-225 mg once daily (XR for MDD, GAD, PD); 75 mg once daily (XR for SAD)
161
Allopurinol - Mechanism of action
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor; reduces uric acid synthesis.
162
Allopurinol - Main indication
Gout, hyperuricemia.
163
Allopurinol - Main adverse effect
Common: Rash, GI upset; Serious: Hypersensitivity syndrome.
164
Allopurinol - Available preparations
Tablets: 100 mg, 300 mg.
165
Allopurinol - Common dosing
100-300 mg once daily.
166
Insulin Glargine - Mechanism of action
Long-acting insulin; regulates blood glucose levels.
167
Insulin Glargine - Main indication
Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
168
Insulin Glargine - Main adverse effect
Common: Hypoglycemia; Serious: Severe hypoglycemia.
169
Insulin Glargine - Available preparations
Injection: 100 units/mL (vials, pens).
170
Insulin Glargine - Common dosing
Individualized, typically 10-40 units once daily.
171
Bupropion - Mechanism of action
NDRI; inhibits norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake.
172
Bupropion - Main indication
Depression, smoking cessation.
173
Bupropion - Main adverse effect
Common: Dry mouth, insomnia; Serious: Seizures.
174
Bupropion - Available preparations
Tablets: 75 mg, 100 mg; XL: 150 mg, 300 mg.
175
Bupropion - Common dosing
150-300 mg once daily.
176
Ciprofloxacin - Mechanism of action
Fluoroquinolone; inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
177
Ciprofloxacin - Main indication
Bacterial infections, including UTIs.
178
Ciprofloxacin - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset; Serious: Tendon rupture, QT prolongation.
179
Ciprofloxacin - Available preparations
Tablets: 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg; Suspension: 250-500 mg/5 mL.
180
Ciprofloxacin - Common dosing
250-750 mg BID.
181
Zolpidem - Mechanism of action
Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic; enhances GABA activity in the CNS.
182
Zolpidem - Main indication
Insomnia.
183
Zolpidem - Main adverse effect
Common: Drowsiness, dizziness; Serious: Complex sleep behaviors.
184
Zolpidem - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg; CR: 6.25 mg, 12.5 mg.
185
Zolpidem - Common dosing
5-10 mg at bedtime (CR: 6.25-12.5 mg).
186
Montelukast - Mechanism of action
Leukotriene receptor antagonist; reduces airway inflammation.
187
Montelukast - Main indication
Asthma, allergic rhinitis.
188
Montelukast - Main adverse effect
Common: Headache, GI upset; Serious: Neuropsychiatric events.
189
Montelukast - Available preparations
Tablets: 10 mg; Chewable: 4 mg, 5 mg.
190
Montelukast - Common dosing
10 mg once daily in the evening.
191
Metronidazole - Mechanism of action
Disrupts DNA synthesis in anaerobic bacteria and protozoa.
192
Metronidazole - Main indication
Bacterial and protozoal infections.
193
Metronidazole - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset, metallic taste; Serious: Peripheral neuropathy.
194
Metronidazole - Available preparations
Tablets: 250 mg, 500 mg; Injection: 500 mg/100 mL.
195
Metronidazole - Common dosing
500 mg every 8-12 hours.
196
Lorazepam - Mechanism of action
Benzodiazepine; enhances GABA activity in the CNS.
197
Lorazepam - Main indication
Anxiety, seizures.
198
Lorazepam - Main adverse effect
Common: Drowsiness, dizziness; Serious: Respiratory depression, dependence.
199
Lorazepam - Available preparations
Tablets: 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg; Injection: 2 mg/mL.
200
Lorazepam - Common dosing
1-3 mg BID to TID.
201
Tramadol - Mechanism of action
Weak opioid agonist and SNRI; modulates pain perception.
202
Tramadol - Main indication
Moderate to severe pain.
203
Tramadol - Main adverse effect
Common: Dizziness, nausea; Serious: Seizures, serotonin syndrome.
204
Tramadol - Available preparations
Tablets: 50 mg; ER: 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg.
205
Tramadol - Common dosing
50-100 mg every 4-6 hours (max 400 mg/day).
206
Spironolactone - Mechanism of action
Aldosterone antagonist; increases sodium and water excretion while sparing potassium.
207
Spironolactone - Main indication
Heart failure, hypertension, hyperaldosteronism.
208
Spironolactone - Main adverse effect
Common: Hyperkalemia, gynecomastia; Serious: Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
209
Spironolactone - Available preparations
Tablets: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg.
210
Spironolactone - Common dosing
25-100 mg once daily.
211
Alendronate - Mechanism of action
Bisphosphonate; inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.
212
Alendronate - Main indication
Osteoporosis, Paget’s disease.
213
Alendronate - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset; Serious: Esophageal ulceration, osteonecrosis.
214
Alendronate - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg, 35 mg, 70 mg.
215
Alendronate - Common dosing
35-70 mg once weekly.
216
Oxycodone - Mechanism of action
Opioid agonist; modulates pain perception.
217
Oxycodone - Main indication
Moderate to severe pain.
218
Oxycodone - Main adverse effect
Common: Constipation, nausea; Serious: Respiratory depression, dependence.
219
Oxycodone - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg; ER: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg.
220
Oxycodone - Common dosing
5-15 mg every 4-6 hours PRN.
221
Esomeprazole - Mechanism of action
Proton pump inhibitor; inhibits gastric acid secretion.
222
Esomeprazole - Main indication
GERD, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
223
Esomeprazole - Main adverse effect
Common: Headache, diarrhea; Serious: Hypomagnesemia, C. difficile infection.
224
Esomeprazole - Available preparations
Capsules: 20 mg, 40 mg; Injection: 20 mg, 40 mg.
225
Esomeprazole - Common dosing
20-40 mg once daily.
226
Propranolol - Mechanism of action
Non-selective beta blocker; reduces heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand.
227
Propranolol - Main indication
Hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, migraine prophylaxis.
228
Propranolol - Main adverse effect
Common: Fatigue, dizziness; Serious: Bradycardia, bronchospasm.
229
Propranolol - Available preparations
Tablets: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, 80 mg; ER: 60-160 mg.
230
Propranolol - Common dosing
40-160 mg BID; ER: 80-160 mg once daily.
231
Cetirizine - Mechanism of action
Second-generation antihistamine; blocks H1 receptors.
232
Cetirizine - Main indication
Allergic rhinitis, urticaria.
233
Cetirizine - Main adverse effect
Common: Drowsiness, dry mouth; Serious: Hypersensitivity reactions.
234
Cetirizine - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg; Syrup: 5 mg/5 mL.
235
Cetirizine - Common dosing
5-10 mg once daily.
236
Famotidine - Mechanism of action
H2 receptor antagonist; reduces gastric acid production.
237
Famotidine - Main indication
GERD (mild to moderate), PUD, dyspepsia.
238
Famotidine - Main adverse effect
Common: Headache, agitation (infants); Serious: QT prolongation, arrhythmias, CNS effects, necrotizing enterocolitis, thrombocytopenia.
239
Famotidine - Available preparations
Tablets: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg; Suspension: 40 mg/5 mL (50 mL, 100 mL, 150 mL).
240
Famotidine - Common dosing
20-40 mg once or twice daily.
241
Meloxicam - Mechanism of action
Selective COX-2 inhibitor; reduces inflammation and pain.
242
Meloxicam - Main indication
Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis.
243
Meloxicam - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset; Serious: GI bleed, cardiovascular events.
244
Meloxicam - Available preparations
Tablets: 7.5 mg, 15 mg; Suspension: 7.5 mg/5 mL.
245
Meloxicam - Common dosing
7.5-15 mg once daily.
246
Aripiprazole - Mechanism of action
Atypical antipsychotic; partial agonist at D2 and 5-HT1A receptors, antagonist at 5-HT2A.
247
Aripiprazole - Main indication
Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder.
248
Aripiprazole - Main adverse effect
Common: Akathisia, drowsiness; Serious: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
249
Aripiprazole - Available preparations
Tablets: 2 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 30 mg.
250
Aripiprazole - Common dosing
10-30 mg once daily.
251
Celecoxib - Mechanism of action
Selective COX-2 inhibitor; reduces inflammation and pain.
252
Celecoxib - Main indication
Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, pain.
253
Celecoxib - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset; Serious: Cardiovascular events, GI bleed.
254
Celecoxib - Available preparations
Capsules: 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg.
255
Celecoxib - Common dosing
100-200 mg once or twice daily.
256
Doxycycline - Mechanism of action
Tetracycline antibiotic; inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
257
Doxycycline - Main indication
Bacterial infections, acne, malaria prophylaxis.
258
Doxycycline - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset, photosensitivity; Serious: Esophageal ulceration.
259
Doxycycline - Available preparations
Capsules: 50 mg, 100 mg; Tablets: 20 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg.
260
Doxycycline - Common dosing
100-200 mg daily in 1-2 doses.
261
Fenofibrate - Mechanism of action
Activates PPAR-alpha; increases lipolysis and elimination of triglyceride-rich particles.
262
Fenofibrate - Main indication
Hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia.
263
Fenofibrate - Main adverse effect
Common: Elevated liver enzymes; Serious: Rhabdomyolysis, pancreatitis.
264
Fenofibrate - Available preparations
Tablets: 48 mg, 145 mg.
265
Fenofibrate - Common dosing
48-145 mg once daily.
266
Trazodone - Mechanism of action
Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor; also blocks histamine and alpha-1 receptors.
267
Trazodone - Main indication
Depression, insomnia.
268
Trazodone - Main adverse effect
Common: Sedation, dry mouth; Serious: Priapism, serotonin syndrome.
269
Trazodone - Available preparations
Tablets: 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 300 mg.
270
Trazodone - Common dosing
150-300 mg daily in divided doses (depression).
271
Fluticasone - Mechanism of action
Corticosteroid; reduces airway inflammation.
272
Fluticasone - Main indication
Asthma, allergic rhinitis.
273
Fluticasone - Main adverse effect
Common: Throat irritation; Serious: Adrenal suppression.
274
Fluticasone - Available preparations
Inhaler: 44 mcg, 110 mcg, 220 mcg; Nasal spray: 50 mcg/spray.
275
Fluticasone - Common dosing
88-440 mcg BID (asthma); 1 spray per nostril daily (rhinitis).
276
Amitriptyline - Mechanism of action
Tricyclic antidepressant; inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake.
277
Amitriptyline - Main indication
Depression, neuropathic pain.
278
Amitriptyline - Main adverse effect
Common: Dry mouth, drowsiness; Serious: QT prolongation, overdose toxicity.
279
Amitriptyline - Available preparations
Tablets: 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg.
280
Amitriptyline - Common dosing
25-150 mg daily in divided doses or once at bedtime.
281
Diltiazem - Mechanism of action
Calcium channel blocker; reduces heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand.
282
Diltiazem - Main indication
Hypertension, angina, arrhythmias.
283
Diltiazem - Main adverse effect
Common: Edema, headache; Serious: Bradycardia, hypotension.
284
Diltiazem - Available preparations
Tablets: 30 mg, 60 mg, 90 mg, 120 mg; ER: 120-360 mg.
285
Diltiazem - Common dosing
120-360 mg daily in 1-2 divided doses.
286
Paroxetine - Mechanism of action
SSRI; increases serotonin availability in the CNS.
287
Paroxetine - Main indication
Depression, anxiety disorders.
288
Paroxetine - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, insomnia; Serious: Serotonin syndrome.
289
Paroxetine - Available preparations
Tablets: 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg; ER: 12.5-37.5 mg.
290
Paroxetine - Common dosing
20-50 mg once daily.
291
Ezetimibe - Mechanism of action
Inhibits cholesterol absorption in the small intestine.
292
Ezetimibe - Main indication
Hyperlipidemia.
293
Ezetimibe - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset; Serious: Myopathy, hepatitis.
294
Ezetimibe - Available preparations
Tablets: 10 mg.
295
Ezetimibe - Common dosing
10 mg once daily.
296
Quetiapine - Mechanism of action
Atypical antipsychotic; antagonizes D2 and 5-HT2A receptors.
297
Quetiapine - Main indication
Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder
298
Quetiapine - Main adverse effect
Common: Sedation, weight gain, anxiety, hyperglycemia, anticholinergic
effects; Serious: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, extrapyramidal symptoms.
299
Quetiapine - Available preparations
Tablets: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg.
300
Quetiapine - Common dosing
350-800 mg total dosage taken BD
301
Valproic Acid - Mechanism of action
Increases GABA availability and blocks sodium channels.
302
Valproic Acid - Main indication
Seizures, bipolar disorder, migraine prophylaxis.
303
Valproic Acid - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, weight gain; Serious: Hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis.
304
Valproic Acid - Available preparations
Tablets: 125 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg; Syrup: 250 mg/5 mL.
305
Valproic Acid - Common dosing
10-60 mg/kg/day in divided doses.
306
Glipizide - Mechanism of action
Stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
307
Glipizide - Main indication
Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
308
Glipizide - Main adverse effect
Common: Hypoglycemia, weight gain; Serious: Hemolytic anemia.
309
Glipizide - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg; ER: 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg.
310
Glipizide - Common dosing
2.5-40 mg daily in 1-2 doses.
311
Risperidone - Mechanism of action
Atypical antipsychotic; antagonizes D2 and 5-HT2A receptors.
312
Risperidone - Main indication
Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, delirium, irritability in autism, tics.
313
Risperidone - Main adverse effect
Common: Sedation, weight gain, orthostasis, hyperprolactinemia; Serious: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, tardive syndromes (ESPEs should be observed over doses >6mg qd).
314
Risperidone - Available preparations
Tablets: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg.
315
Risperidone - Common dosing
2-8 mg once or twice daily; 1–3 mg q12h, PO (delirium);
316
Hydrochlorothiazide/Lisinopril - Mechanism of action
Combination of a thiazide diuretic and an ACE inhibitor; reduces blood pressure through natriuresis and vasodilation.
317
Hydrochlorothiazide/Lisinopril - Main indication
Hypertension.
318
Hydrochlorothiazide/Lisinopril - Main adverse effect
Common: Cough, dizziness; Serious: Angioedema, hyperkalemia.
319
Hydrochlorothiazide/Lisinopril - Available preparations
Tablets: 10/12.5 mg, 20/12.5 mg, 20/25 mg.
320
Hydrochlorothiazide/Lisinopril - Common dosing
10/12.5-20/25 mg once daily.
321
Oxybutynin - Mechanism of action
Anticholinergic; relaxes bladder smooth muscle.
322
Oxybutynin - Main indication
Overactive bladder.
323
Oxybutynin - Main adverse effect
Common: Dry mouth, constipation; Serious: Angioedema.
324
Oxybutynin - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg; ER: 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg.
325
Oxybutynin - Common dosing
5-30 mg once daily (ER) or BID-TID (IR).
326
Sildenafil - Mechanism of action
PDE-5 inhibitor; increases cGMP levels, leading to vasodilation.
327
Sildenafil - Main indication
Erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension.
328
Sildenafil - Main adverse effect
Common: Headache, flushing; Serious: Priapism, hypotension.
329
Sildenafil - Available preparations
Tablets: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg.
330
Sildenafil - Common dosing
25-100 mg once daily, 1 hour before sexual activity.
331
Rivaroxaban - Mechanism of action
Direct factor Xa inhibitor; inhibits thrombin generation and clot formation.
332
Rivaroxaban - Main indication
Prevention of DVT, PE, stroke in atrial fibrillation.
333
Rivaroxaban - Main adverse effect
Common: Bleeding; Serious: Hemorrhage.
334
Rivaroxaban - Available preparations
Tablets: 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg.
335
Rivaroxaban - Common dosing
10-20 mg once daily.
336
Ondansetron - Mechanism of action
5-HT3 receptor antagonist; blocks serotonin in the CNS and GI tract.
337
Ondansetron - Main indication
Nausea and vomiting (chemo-induced, post-op).
338
Ondansetron - Main adverse effect
Common: Headache, constipation; Serious: QT prolongation.
339
Ondansetron - Available preparations
Tablets: 4 mg, 8 mg; ODT: 4 mg, 8 mg; Injection: 2 mg/mL.
340
Ondansetron - Common dosing
4-8 mg every 8 hours PRN.
341
Enalapril - Mechanism of action
ACE inhibitor; blocks conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
342
Enalapril - Main indication
Hypertension, heart failure.
343
Enalapril - Main adverse effect
Common: Cough, dizziness; Serious: Angioedema, hyperkalemia.
344
Enalapril - Available preparations
Tablets: 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg.
345
Enalapril - Common dosing
5-40 mg daily in 1-2 divided doses.
346
Lovastatin - Mechanism of action
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; reduces cholesterol synthesis.
347
Lovastatin - Main indication
Hyperlipidemia, prevention of cardiovascular events.
348
Lovastatin - Main adverse effect
Common: Myalgia; Serious: Rhabdomyolysis, liver dysfunction.
349
Lovastatin - Available preparations
Tablets: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg.
350
Lovastatin - Common dosing
10-80 mg once daily.
351
Topiramate - Mechanism of action
Blocks sodium channels and enhances GABA activity.
352
Topiramate - Main indication
Seizures, migraine prophylaxis.
353
Topiramate - Main adverse effect
Common: Drowsiness, weight loss; Serious: Metabolic acidosis, nephrolithiasis.
354
Topiramate - Available preparations
Tablets: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg.
355
Topiramate - Common dosing
25-400 mg daily in divided doses.
356
Pioglitazone - Mechanism of action
PPAR-gamma agonist; increases insulin sensitivity.
357
Pioglitazone - Main indication
Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
358
Pioglitazone - Main adverse effect
Common: Weight gain, edema; Serious: Heart failure, bladder cancer.
359
Pioglitazone - Available preparations
Tablets: 15 mg, 30 mg, 45 mg.
360
Pioglitazone - Common dosing
15-45 mg once daily.
361
Clonidine - Mechanism of action
Alpha-2 agonist; reduces sympathetic outflow.
362
Clonidine - Main indication
Hypertension, ADHD.
363
Clonidine - Main adverse effect
Common: Dry mouth, drowsiness; Serious: Bradycardia, hypotension.
364
Clonidine - Available preparations
Tablets: 0.1 mg, 0.2 mg, 0.3 mg; Patch: 0.1-0.3 mg/24 hr.
365
Clonidine - Common dosing
0.1-0.3 mg twice daily (IR); 0.1-0.3 mg weekly (patch).
366
Varenicline - Mechanism of action
Partial agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
367
Varenicline - Main indication
Smoking cessation.
368
Varenicline - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, insomnia; Serious: Neuropsychiatric events.
369
Varenicline - Available preparations
Tablets: 0.5 mg, 1 mg.
370
Varenicline - Common dosing
0.5 mg daily for 3 days, then 0.5 mg BID, then 1 mg BID.
371
Loratadine - Mechanism of action
Second-generation antihistamine; blocks H1 receptors.
372
Loratadine - Main indication
Allergic rhinitis, urticaria.
373
Loratadine - Main adverse effect
Common: Drowsiness, dry mouth; Serious: Hypersensitivity reactions.
374
Loratadine - Available preparations
Tablets: 10 mg; Syrup: 5 mg/5 mL.
375
Loratadine - Common dosing
10 mg once daily.
376
Digoxin - Mechanism of action
Inhibits Na+/K+-ATPase, increasing intracellular calcium and contractility.
377
Digoxin - Main indication
Heart failure, atrial fibrillation.
378
Digoxin - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, dizziness; Serious: Arrhythmias, digoxin toxicity.
379
Digoxin - Available preparations
Tablets: 0.125 mg, 0.25 mg; Injection: 0.25 mg/mL.
380
Digoxin - Common dosing
0.125-0.25 mg once daily.
381
Verapamil - Mechanism of action
Calcium channel blocker; reduces heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand.
382
Verapamil - Main indication
Hypertension, angina, arrhythmias.
383
Verapamil - Main adverse effect
Common: Constipation, dizziness; Serious: Bradycardia, hypotension.
384
Verapamil - Available preparations
Tablets: 40 mg, 80 mg, 120 mg; ER: 120-360 mg.
385
Verapamil - Common dosing
120-480 mg daily in 1-2 doses.
386
Levofloxacin - Mechanism of action
Fluoroquinolone; inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
387
Levofloxacin - Main indication
Bacterial infections, including respiratory and urinary tract.
388
Levofloxacin - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset, dizziness; Serious: Tendon rupture, QT prolongation.
389
Levofloxacin - Available preparations
Tablets: 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg; Solution: 25 mg/mL.
390
Levofloxacin - Common dosing
250-750 mg daily.
391
Furosemide - Mechanism of action
Loop diuretic; inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle.
392
Furosemide - Main indication
Edema, hypertension.
393
Furosemide - Main adverse effect
Common: Hypokalemia, dizziness; Serious: Ototoxicity, dehydration.
394
Furosemide - Available preparations
Tablets: 20 mg, 40 mg, 80 mg; Injection: 10 mg/mL.
395
Furosemide - Common dosing
20-80 mg once or twice daily.
396
Finasteride - Mechanism of action
5-alpha reductase inhibitor; reduces dihydrotestosterone levels.
397
Finasteride - Main indication
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), male pattern baldness.
398
Finasteride - Main adverse effect
Common: Decreased libido, gynecomastia; Serious: Angioedema.
399
Finasteride - Available preparations
Tablets: 1 mg, 5 mg.
400
Finasteride - Common dosing
BPH: 5 mg once daily; Hair loss: 1 mg once daily.
401
Insulin Aspart - Mechanism of action
Rapid-acting insulin; facilitates glucose uptake by cells.
402
Insulin Aspart - Main indication
Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
403
Insulin Aspart - Main adverse effect
Common: Hypoglycemia; Serious: Severe hypoglycemia.
404
Insulin Aspart - Available preparations
Injection: 100 units/mL (vials, pens).
405
Insulin Aspart - Common dosing
Individualized; administer 5-10 minutes before meals.
406
Carisoprodol - Mechanism of action
Centrally acting muscle relaxant; alters interneuronal activity in the spinal cord.
407
Carisoprodol - Main indication
Acute musculoskeletal pain.
408
Carisoprodol - Main adverse effect
Common: Drowsiness, dizziness; Serious: Dependence, seizures.
409
Carisoprodol - Available preparations
Tablets: 250 mg, 350 mg.
410
Carisoprodol - Common dosing
250-350 mg three times daily and at bedtime.
411
Ketorolac - Mechanism of action
Nonselective COX inhibitor; reduces inflammation and pain.
412
Ketorolac - Main indication
Moderate to severe pain (short-term use).
413
Ketorolac - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset; Serious: GI bleed, renal impairment.
414
Ketorolac - Available preparations
Tablets: 10 mg; Injection: 15 mg/mL, 30 mg/mL.
415
Ketorolac - Common dosing
10 mg every 4-6 hours (max 5 days).
416
Budesonide - Mechanism of action
Corticosteroid; reduces inflammation in the airways and GI tract.
417
Budesonide - Main indication
Asthma, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis.
418
Budesonide - Main adverse effect
Common: Throat irritation (inhalation); Serious: Adrenal suppression.
419
Budesonide - Available preparations
Inhaler: 90 mcg, 180 mcg; Capsules: 3 mg, 9 mg.
420
Budesonide - Common dosing
Asthma: 180-720 mcg BID; Crohn’s: 9 mg once daily.
421
Tiotropium - Mechanism of action
Long-acting anticholinergic; relaxes airway smooth muscle.
422
Tiotropium - Main indication
COPD, asthma.
423
Tiotropium - Main adverse effect
Common: Dry mouth; Serious: Paradoxical bronchospasm.
424
Tiotropium - Available preparations
Inhaler: 18 mcg/capsule, 2.5 mcg/actuation.
425
Tiotropium - Common dosing
COPD: 18 mcg once daily; Asthma: 2.5 mcg once daily.
426
Pravastatin - Mechanism of action
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; reduces cholesterol synthesis.
427
Pravastatin - Main indication
Hyperlipidemia, prevention of cardiovascular events.
428
Pravastatin - Main adverse effect
Common: Myalgia; Serious: Rhabdomyolysis, liver dysfunction.
429
Pravastatin - Available preparations
Tablets: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, 80 mg.
430
Pravastatin - Common dosing
10-80 mg once daily.
431
Diazepam - Mechanism of action
Benzodiazepine; enhances GABA activity in the CNS.
432
Diazepam - Main indication
Anxiety, seizures, muscle spasms.
433
Diazepam - Main adverse effect
Common: Drowsiness, dizziness; Serious: Dependence, respiratory depression.
434
Diazepam - Available preparations
Tablets: 2 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg; Injection: 5 mg/mL.
435
Diazepam - Common dosing
2-10 mg BID to QID.
436
Morphine - Mechanism of action
Opioid agonist; modulates pain perception in the CNS.
437
Morphine - Main indication
Severe pain.
438
Morphine - Main adverse effect
Common: Constipation, nausea; Serious: Respiratory depression, dependence.
439
Morphine - Available preparations
Tablets: 15 mg, 30 mg; ER: 15 mg to 200 mg; Injection: 2-50 mg/mL.
440
Morphine - Common dosing
15-30 mg every 4 hours PRN.
441
Fluconazole - Mechanism of action
Inhibits fungal cytochrome P450, impairing ergosterol synthesis.
442
Fluconazole - Main indication
Candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis.
443
Fluconazole - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, headache; Serious: Hepatotoxicity, QT prolongation.
444
Fluconazole - Available preparations
Tablets: 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg; Suspension: 10-40 mg/mL.
445
Fluconazole - Common dosing
150 mg once (vaginal candidiasis); 200-400 mg daily (other infections).
446
Lansoprazole - Mechanism of action
Proton pump inhibitor; inhibits gastric acid secretion.
447
Lansoprazole - Main indication
GERD, peptic ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
448
Lansoprazole - Main adverse effect
Common: Headache, diarrhea; Serious: C. difficile infection, hypomagnesemia.
449
Lansoprazole - Available preparations
Capsules: 15 mg, 30 mg.
450
Lansoprazole - Common dosing
15-30 mg once daily.
451
Nitroglycerin - Mechanism of action
Releases nitric oxide, causing vasodilation and reducing myocardial oxygen demand.
452
Nitroglycerin - Main indication
Angina.
453
Nitroglycerin - Main adverse effect
Common: Headache, dizziness; Serious: Hypotension.
454
Nitroglycerin - Available preparations
Tablets: 0.3 mg, 0.4 mg, 0.6 mg; Patch: 0.1-0.8 mg/hr.
455
Nitroglycerin - Common dosing
Sublingual: 0.3-0.6 mg every 5 minutes PRN (max 3 doses).
456
Isosorbide Mononitrate - Mechanism of action
Releases nitric oxide, causing vasodilation and reducing myocardial oxygen demand.
457
Isosorbide Mononitrate - Main indication
Angina prophylaxis.
458
Isosorbide Mononitrate - Main adverse effect
Common: Headache, dizziness; Serious: Hypotension.
459
Isosorbide Mononitrate - Available preparations
Tablets: 10 mg, 20 mg; ER: 30 mg, 60 mg, 120 mg.
460
Isosorbide Mononitrate - Common dosing
10-40 mg BID or 30-120 mg once daily (ER).
461
Ropinirole - Mechanism of action
Dopamine agonist; stimulates dopamine receptors in the CNS.
462
Ropinirole - Main indication
Parkinson’s disease, restless legs syndrome.
463
Ropinirole - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, dizziness; Serious: Compulsive behaviors.
464
Ropinirole - Available preparations
Tablets: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg.
465
Ropinirole - Common dosing
0.25-8 mg TID (Parkinson’s); 0.25-4 mg once daily (RLS).
466
Tolterodine - Mechanism of action
Anticholinergic; relaxes bladder smooth muscle.
467
Tolterodine - Main indication
Overactive bladder.
468
Tolterodine - Main adverse effect
Common: Dry mouth, constipation; Serious: QT prolongation.
469
Tolterodine - Available preparations
Tablets: 1 mg, 2 mg; ER: 2 mg, 4 mg.
470
Tolterodine - Common dosing
2 mg BID or 4 mg once daily (ER).
471
Baclofen - Mechanism of action
GABA-B receptor agonist; reduces spasticity by inhibiting spinal reflexes.
472
Baclofen - Main indication
Muscle spasticity.
473
Baclofen - Main adverse effect
Common: Drowsiness, dizziness; Serious: CNS depression.
474
Baclofen - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg.
475
Baclofen - Common dosing
5-20 mg TID.
476
Phentermine - Mechanism of action
Sympathomimetic amine; reduces appetite by stimulating CNS.
477
Phentermine - Main indication
Obesity.
478
Phentermine - Main adverse effect
Common: Insomnia, dry mouth; Serious: Hypertension, dependence.
479
Phentermine - Available preparations
Capsules: 15 mg, 30 mg, 37.5 mg.
480
Phentermine - Common dosing
15-37.5 mg once daily before breakfast.
481
Meclizine - Mechanism of action
Antihistamine; suppresses vestibular system to reduce nausea and dizziness.
482
Meclizine - Main indication
Motion sickness, vertigo.
483
Meclizine - Main adverse effect
Common: Drowsiness, dry mouth; Serious: CNS depression.
484
Meclizine - Available preparations
Tablets: 12.5 mg, 25 mg.
485
Meclizine - Common dosing
25-50 mg 1 hour before travel (motion sickness).
486
Acyclovir - Mechanism of action
Inhibits viral DNA polymerase, preventing replication.
487
Acyclovir - Main indication
Herpes simplex, varicella-zoster infections.
488
Acyclovir - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, headache; Serious: Nephrotoxicity.
489
Acyclovir - Available preparations
Tablets: 200 mg, 400 mg, 800 mg; Suspension: 200 mg/5 mL.
490
Acyclovir - Common dosing
200-800 mg 5 times daily or 400 mg BID for prophylaxis.
491
Oseltamivir - Mechanism of action
Inhibits influenza neuraminidase, preventing viral replication.
492
Oseltamivir - Main indication
Influenza treatment and prophylaxis.
493
Oseltamivir - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, vomiting; Serious: Neuropsychiatric events.
494
Oseltamivir - Available preparations
Capsules: 30 mg, 45 mg, 75 mg; Suspension: 6 mg/mL.
495
Oseltamivir - Common dosing
75 mg BID for 5 days (treatment); 75 mg once daily (prophylaxis).
496
Methotrexate - Mechanism of action
Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, reducing DNA synthesis.
497
Methotrexate - Main indication
Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, cancer.
498
Methotrexate - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, fatigue; Serious: Hepatotoxicity, myelosuppression.
499
Methotrexate - Available preparations
Tablets: 2.5 mg; Injection: 25 mg/mL.
500
Methotrexate - Common dosing
7.5-25 mg weekly for RA or psoriasis.
501
Terazosin - Mechanism of action
Alpha-1 receptor blocker; relaxes smooth muscle in the bladder neck and prostate.
502
Terazosin - Main indication
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), hypertension.
503
Terazosin - Main adverse effect
Common: Dizziness, orthostatic hypotension; Serious: Priapism.
504
Terazosin - Available preparations
Tablets: 1 mg, 2 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg.
505
Terazosin - Common dosing
1-10 mg once daily.
506
Tizanidine - Mechanism of action
Alpha-2 agonist; reduces muscle spasticity by inhibiting motor neurons.
507
Tizanidine - Main indication
Muscle spasticity.
508
Tizanidine - Main adverse effect
Common: Drowsiness, dry mouth; Serious: Hypotension, hepatotoxicity.
509
Tizanidine - Available preparations
Tablets: 2 mg, 4 mg; Capsules: 2 mg, 4 mg, 6 mg.
510
Tizanidine - Common dosing
2-8 mg TID PRN (max 36 mg/day).
511
Lamotrigine - Mechanism of action
Inhibits sodium channels, stabilizing neuronal membranes.
512
Lamotrigine - Main indication
Epilepsy, bipolar disorder.
513
Lamotrigine - Main adverse effect
Common: Rash, dizziness; Serious: Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
514
Lamotrigine - Available preparations
Tablets: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg; ODT: 25-200 mg.
515
Lamotrigine - Common dosing
25-400 mg daily in divided doses.
516
Ethinyl Estradiol/Norgestimate - Mechanism of action
Combination oral contraceptive; inhibits ovulation and alters cervical mucus.
517
Ethinyl Estradiol/Norgestimate - Main indication
Contraception, acne.
518
Ethinyl Estradiol/Norgestimate - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, weight gain; Serious: Thromboembolism.
519
Ethinyl Estradiol/Norgestimate - Available preparations
Tablets: Varying strengths (e.g., 0.035 mg/0.25 mg).
520
Ethinyl Estradiol/Norgestimate - Common dosing
1 tablet daily.
521
Benazepril - Mechanism of action
ACE inhibitor; blocks conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
522
Benazepril - Main indication
Hypertension.
523
Benazepril - Main adverse effect
Common: Cough, dizziness; Serious: Angioedema, hyperkalemia.
524
Benazepril - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg.
525
Benazepril - Common dosing
10-40 mg once daily.
526
Irbesartan - Mechanism of action
ARB; blocks angiotensin II receptor.
527
Irbesartan - Main indication
Hypertension, diabetic nephropathy.
528
Irbesartan - Main adverse effect
Common: Dizziness, hyperkalemia; Serious: Angioedema.
529
Irbesartan - Available preparations
Tablets: 75 mg, 150 mg, 300 mg.
530
Irbesartan - Common dosing
150-300 mg once daily.
531
Losartan/Hydrochlorothiazide - Mechanism of action
Combination of an ARB and thiazide diuretic; reduces blood pressure through vasodilation and natriuresis.
532
Losartan/Hydrochlorothiazide - Main indication
Hypertension.
533
Losartan/Hydrochlorothiazide - Main adverse effect
Common: Dizziness, fatigue; Serious: Hyperkalemia, angioedema.
534
Losartan/Hydrochlorothiazide - Available preparations
Tablets: 50/12.5 mg, 100/25 mg.
535
Losartan/Hydrochlorothiazide - Common dosing
50/12.5 mg to 100/25 mg once daily.
536
Triamcinolone - Mechanism of action
Corticosteroid; reduces inflammation and immune responses.
537
Triamcinolone - Main indication
Inflammatory skin conditions, allergies, asthma.
538
Triamcinolone - Main adverse effect
Common: Skin irritation (topical); Serious: Adrenal suppression.
539
Triamcinolone - Available preparations
Cream: 0.025%, 0.1%, 0.5%; Injection: 10-40 mg/mL.
540
Triamcinolone - Common dosing
Apply topically 2-4 times daily; inject 40 mg IM.
541
Clobetasol - Mechanism of action
Potent corticosteroid; reduces inflammation and immune responses.
542
Clobetasol - Main indication
Severe dermatoses, psoriasis.
543
Clobetasol - Main adverse effect
Common: Skin thinning; Serious: Adrenal suppression.
544
Clobetasol - Available preparations
Cream/Ointment: 0.05%.
545
Clobetasol - Common dosing
Apply topically BID.
546
Carbamazepine - Mechanism of action
Inhibits sodium channels, reducing neuronal excitability.
547
Carbamazepine - Main indication
Epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgia.
548
Carbamazepine - Main adverse effect
Common: Drowsiness, dizziness; Serious: Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
549
Carbamazepine - Available preparations
Tablets: 200 mg; ER: 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg.
550
Carbamazepine - Common dosing
200-1600 mg daily in divided doses.
551
Sitagliptin - Mechanism of action
DPP-4 inhibitor; increases incretin levels, improving glucose control.
552
Sitagliptin - Main indication
Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
553
Sitagliptin - Main adverse effect
Common: Nasopharyngitis; Serious: Pancreatitis.
554
Sitagliptin - Available preparations
Tablets: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg.
555
Sitagliptin - Common dosing
100 mg once daily.
556
Doxazosin - Mechanism of action
Alpha-1 receptor blocker; relaxes smooth muscle in the bladder neck and prostate.
557
Doxazosin - Main indication
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), hypertension.
558
Doxazosin - Main adverse effect
Common: Dizziness, orthostatic hypotension; Serious: Priapism.
559
Doxazosin - Available preparations
Tablets: 1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg, 8 mg.
560
Doxazosin - Common dosing
1-8 mg once daily.
561
Hydroxychloroquine - Mechanism of action
Modulates immune responses by altering antigen presentation and cytokine production.
562
Hydroxychloroquine - Main indication
Rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, malaria.
563
Hydroxychloroquine - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset, rash; Serious: Retinopathy, cardiomyopathy.
564
Hydroxychloroquine - Available preparations
Tablets: 200 mg.
565
Hydroxychloroquine - Common dosing
200-400 mg once daily.
566
Minocycline - Mechanism of action
Tetracycline antibiotic; inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
567
Minocycline - Main indication
Acne, bacterial infections.
568
Minocycline - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset, dizziness; Serious: Hepatotoxicity, hypersensitivity reactions.
569
Minocycline - Available preparations
Capsules: 50 mg, 100 mg; Tablets: 50 mg, 100 mg.
570
Minocycline - Common dosing
50-100 mg BID.
571
Olmesartan - Mechanism of action
ARB; blocks angiotensin II receptor.
572
Olmesartan - Main indication
Hypertension.
573
Olmesartan - Main adverse effect
Common: Dizziness, hyperkalemia; Serious: Angioedema, renal dysfunction.
574
Olmesartan - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg.
575
Olmesartan - Common dosing
20-40 mg once daily.
576
Albuterol/Ipratropium - Mechanism of action
Combination of a beta-2 agonist and anticholinergic; provides bronchodilation.
577
Albuterol/Ipratropium - Main indication
COPD.
578
Albuterol/Ipratropium - Main adverse effect
Common: Dry mouth, cough; Serious: Paradoxical bronchospasm.
579
Albuterol/Ipratropium - Available preparations
Inhaler: 20 mcg/100 mcg per puff; Nebules: 0.5/2.5 mg/3 mL.
580
Albuterol/Ipratropium - Common dosing
1 inhalation QID or 3 mL nebulized QID.
581
Quinapril - Mechanism of action
ACE inhibitor; blocks conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
582
Quinapril - Main indication
Hypertension, heart failure.
583
Quinapril - Main adverse effect
Common: Cough, dizziness; Serious: Angioedema, hyperkalemia.
584
Quinapril - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg.
585
Quinapril - Common dosing
10-40 mg once daily.
586
Promethazine - Mechanism of action
Antihistamine; blocks H1 receptors and has antiemetic and sedative effects.
587
Promethazine - Main indication
Nausea, motion sickness, allergies.
588
Promethazine - Main adverse effect
Common: Sedation, dry mouth; Serious: Respiratory depression (children).
589
Promethazine - Available preparations
Tablets: 12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg; Syrup: 6.25 mg/5 mL.
590
Promethazine - Common dosing
12.5-25 mg every 4-6 hours PRN.
591
Amiodarone - Mechanism of action
Prolongs myocardial cell action potential and refractory period (Class III antiarrhythmic).
592
Amiodarone - Main indication
Arrhythmias (AFib, VT).
593
Amiodarone - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset, bradycardia; Serious: Pulmonary toxicity, hepatotoxicity.
594
Amiodarone - Available preparations
Tablets: 200 mg, 400 mg; Injection: 50 mg/mL.
595
Amiodarone - Common dosing
200-400 mg once daily (maintenance).
596
Metoprolol/Hydrochlorothiazide - Mechanism of action
Combination of a beta-blocker and thiazide diuretic; reduces heart rate and blood pressure.
597
Metoprolol/Hydrochlorothiazide - Main indication
Hypertension.
598
Metoprolol/Hydrochlorothiazide - Main adverse effect
Common: Fatigue, dizziness; Serious: Bradycardia, electrolyte imbalance.
599
Metoprolol/Hydrochlorothiazide - Available preparations
Tablets: 50/25 mg, 100/25 mg.
600
Metoprolol/Hydrochlorothiazide - Common dosing
50/25 mg to 100/25 mg once daily.
601
Methocarbamol - Mechanism of action
Centrally acting muscle relaxant; reduces skeletal muscle spasm.
602
Methocarbamol - Main indication
Muscle spasms.
603
Methocarbamol - Main adverse effect
Common: Drowsiness, dizziness; Serious: Hypotension.
604
Methocarbamol - Available preparations
Tablets: 500 mg, 750 mg.
605
Methocarbamol - Common dosing
1500 mg TID to QID.
606
Labetalol - Mechanism of action
Combined alpha and beta-blocker; reduces heart rate and blood pressure.
607
Labetalol - Main indication
Hypertension, hypertensive emergencies.
608
Labetalol - Main adverse effect
Common: Dizziness, fatigue; Serious: Bradycardia, hypotension.
609
Labetalol - Available preparations
Tablets: 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg; Injection: 5 mg/mL.
610
Labetalol - Common dosing
100-300 mg BID.
611
Nitrofurantoin - Mechanism of action
Disrupts bacterial ribosomal proteins and DNA.
612
Nitrofurantoin - Main indication
Urinary tract infections (UTIs).
613
Nitrofurantoin - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, headache; Serious: Pulmonary toxicity, hepatotoxicity.
614
Nitrofurantoin - Available preparations
Capsules: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg.
615
Nitrofurantoin - Common dosing
50-100 mg BID.
616
Triamterene/Hydrochlorothiazide - Mechanism of action
Combination of a potassium-sparing and thiazide diuretic; reduces fluid retention while sparing potassium.
617
Triamterene/Hydrochlorothiazide - Main indication
Hypertension, edema.
618
Triamterene/Hydrochlorothiazide - Main adverse effect
Common: Dizziness, hyperkalemia; Serious: Electrolyte imbalance.
619
Triamterene/Hydrochlorothiazide - Available preparations
Tablets: 37.5/25 mg, 75/50 mg.
620
Triamterene/Hydrochlorothiazide - Common dosing
37.5/25 mg to 75/50 mg once daily.
621
Valsartan - Mechanism of action
ARB; blocks angiotensin II receptor.
622
Valsartan - Main indication
Hypertension, heart failure.
623
Valsartan - Main adverse effect
Common: Dizziness, hyperkalemia; Serious: Angioedema, renal dysfunction.
624
Valsartan - Available preparations
Tablets: 40 mg, 80 mg, 160 mg, 320 mg.
625
Valsartan - Common dosing
80-320 mg once daily.
626
Fentanyl - Mechanism of action
Opioid agonist; modulates pain perception in the CNS.
627
Fentanyl - Main indication
Severe pain.
628
Fentanyl - Main adverse effect
Common: Constipation, nausea; Serious: Respiratory depression, dependence.
629
Fentanyl - Available preparations
Transdermal patch: 12-100 mcg/hr; Injection: 50 mcg/mL.
630
Fentanyl - Common dosing
Patch: 12-100 mcg/hr every 72 hours.
631
Escitalopram - Mechanism of action
SSRI; increases serotonin availability in the CNS.
632
Escitalopram - Main indication
Depression, anxiety disorders.
633
Escitalopram - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, insomnia; Serious: Serotonin syndrome, QT prolongation.
634
Escitalopram - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg.
635
Escitalopram - Common dosing
10-20 mg once daily.
636
Dabigatran - Mechanism of action
Direct thrombin inhibitor; prevents thrombus formation.
637
Dabigatran - Main indication
Stroke prevention in AFib, DVT, PE.
638
Dabigatran - Main adverse effect
Common: Bleeding; Serious: Hemorrhage.
639
Dabigatran - Available preparations
Capsules: 75 mg, 110 mg, 150 mg.
640
Dabigatran - Common dosing
150 mg BID.
641
Azelastine - Mechanism of action
H1 receptor antagonist; reduces histamine-mediated symptoms.
642
Azelastine - Main indication
Allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis.
643
Azelastine - Main adverse effect
Common: Bitter taste, nasal irritation; Serious: Hypersensitivity.
644
Azelastine - Available preparations
Nasal spray: 137 mcg/spray; Eye drops: 0.05%.
645
Azelastine - Common dosing
1-2 sprays per nostril BID (nasal); 1 drop BID (ocular).
646
Mirtazapine - Mechanism of action
Alpha-2 antagonist; increases norepinephrine and serotonin release.
647
Mirtazapine - Main indication
Depression.
648
Mirtazapine - Main adverse effect
Common: Weight gain, sedation; Serious: Agranulocytosis, serotonin syndrome.
649
Mirtazapine - Available preparations
Tablets: 7.5 mg, 15 mg, 30 mg, 45 mg.
650
Mirtazapine - Common dosing
15-45 mg once daily at bedtime.
651
Canagliflozin - Mechanism of action
SGLT-2 inhibitor; reduces renal glucose reabsorption.
652
Canagliflozin - Main indication
Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
653
Canagliflozin - Main adverse effect
Common: UTI, polyuria; Serious: Ketoacidosis, amputation risk.
654
Canagliflozin - Available preparations
Tablets: 100 mg, 300 mg.
655
Canagliflozin - Common dosing
100-300 mg once daily before the first meal.
656
Liraglutide - Mechanism of action
GLP-1 receptor agonist; enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion.
657
Liraglutide - Main indication
Type 2 diabetes, obesity.
658
Liraglutide - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, diarrhea; Serious: Pancreatitis, thyroid tumors.
659
Liraglutide - Available preparations
Injection: 6 mg/mL.
660
Liraglutide - Common dosing
0.6-1.8 mg SC once daily.
661
Hydralazine - Mechanism of action
Direct vasodilator; reduces systemic vascular resistance.
662
Hydralazine - Main indication
Hypertension, heart failure.
663
Hydralazine - Main adverse effect
Common: Headache, tachycardia; Serious: Lupus-like syndrome.
664
Hydralazine - Available preparations
Tablets: 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg.
665
Hydralazine - Common dosing
10-50 mg QID.
666
Erythromycin - Mechanism of action
Macrolide antibiotic; inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
667
Erythromycin - Main indication
Bacterial infections.
668
Erythromycin - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset; Serious: QT prolongation, hepatotoxicity.
669
Erythromycin - Available preparations
Tablets: 250 mg, 500 mg; Suspension: 200 mg/5 mL.
670
Erythromycin - Common dosing
250-500 mg every 6-12 hours.
671
Linagliptin - Mechanism of action
DPP-4 inhibitor; increases incretin levels, improving glucose control.
672
Linagliptin - Main indication
Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
673
Linagliptin - Main adverse effect
Common: Nasopharyngitis; Serious: Pancreatitis.
674
Linagliptin - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg.
675
Linagliptin - Common dosing
5 mg once daily.
676
Methyldopa - Mechanism of action
Centrally acting alpha-2 agonist; reduces sympathetic outflow.
677
Methyldopa - Main indication
Hypertension (especially in pregnancy).
678
Methyldopa - Main adverse effect
Common: Sedation, dry mouth; Serious: Hepatotoxicity, hemolytic anemia.
679
Methyldopa - Available preparations
Tablets: 250 mg, 500 mg.
680
Methyldopa - Common dosing
250-500 mg BID to TID.
681
Dapagliflozin - Mechanism of action
SGLT-2 inhibitor; reduces renal glucose reabsorption.
682
Dapagliflozin - Main indication
Type 2 diabetes, heart failure, CKD.
683
Dapagliflozin - Main adverse effect
Common: UTI, polyuria, hypotension; Serious: Euglycemic Ketoacidosis, Fournier's gangrene, Increased risk of lower-limb amputation, Increased risk of bladder cancer
684
Dapagliflozin - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg.
685
Dapagliflozin - Common dosing
5-10 mg once daily.
686
Vilazodone - Mechanism of action
SSRI and partial 5-HT1A agonist; increases serotonin availability.
687
Vilazodone - Main indication
Depression.
688
Vilazodone - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, diarrhea; Serious: Serotonin syndrome.
689
Vilazodone - Available preparations
Tablets: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg.
690
Vilazodone - Common dosing
10-40 mg once daily with food.
691
Betamethasone - Mechanism of action
Corticosteroid; reduces inflammation and modulates immune response.
692
Betamethasone - Main indication
Inflammatory skin conditions, autoimmune disorders.
693
Betamethasone - Main adverse effect
Common: Skin thinning (topical); Serious: Adrenal suppression.
694
Betamethasone - Available preparations
Cream: 0.05%; Injection: 4 mg/mL, 6 mg/mL.
695
Betamethasone - Common dosing
Topical: Apply 1-2 times daily; Inject: 4-20 mg IM.
696
Phenazopyridine - Mechanism of action
Local anesthetic effect on the urinary tract mucosa.
697
Phenazopyridine - Main indication
Dysuria.
698
Phenazopyridine - Main adverse effect
Common: Orange-red urine discoloration; Serious: Methemoglobinemia.
699
Phenazopyridine - Available preparations
Tablets: 95 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg.
700
Phenazopyridine - Common dosing
200 mg TID after meals (max 2 days).
701
Nifedipine ER - Mechanism of action
Calcium channel blocker; relaxes vascular smooth muscle.
702
Nifedipine ER - Main indication
Hypertension, angina.
703
Nifedipine ER - Main adverse effect
Common: Edema, headache; Serious: Hypotension, arrhythmias.
704
Nifedipine ER - Available preparations
Tablets: 30 mg, 60 mg, 90 mg.
705
Nifedipine ER - Common dosing
30-90 mg once daily.
706
Cefdinir - Mechanism of action
Third-generation cephalosporin; inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
707
Cefdinir - Main indication
Bacterial infections.
708
Cefdinir - Main adverse effect
Common: Diarrhea, rash; Serious: C. difficile infection.
709
Cefdinir - Available preparations
Capsules: 300 mg; Suspension: 125 mg/5 mL, 250 mg/5 mL.
710
Cefdinir - Common dosing
300 mg BID or 600 mg once daily.
711
Dexamethasone - Mechanism of action
Potent corticosteroid; reduces inflammation and modulates immune responses.
712
Dexamethasone - Main indication
Inflammatory conditions, cerebral edema.
713
Dexamethasone - Main adverse effect
Common: Insomnia, weight gain; Serious: Adrenal suppression.
714
Dexamethasone - Available preparations
Tablets: 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 4 mg, 6 mg; Injection: 4 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL.
715
Dexamethasone - Common dosing
0.5-10 mg daily.
716
Olopatadine - Mechanism of action
H1 receptor antagonist; reduces histamine-mediated symptoms.
717
Olopatadine - Main indication
Allergic conjunctivitis.
718
Olopatadine - Main adverse effect
Common: Eye irritation; Serious: Hypersensitivity reactions.
719
Olopatadine - Available preparations
Eye drops: 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.7%.
720
Olopatadine - Common dosing
1 drop in each eye once or twice daily.
721
Apixaban - Mechanism of action
Direct factor Xa inhibitor; inhibits thrombin generation and clot formation.
722
Apixaban - Main indication
Stroke prevention in AFib, DVT, PE.
723
Apixaban - Main adverse effect
Common: Bleeding; Serious: Hemorrhage.
724
Apixaban - Available preparations
Tablets: 2.5 mg, 5 mg.
725
Apixaban - Common dosing
5 mg BID (2.5 mg BID for certain patients).
726
Ezetimibe/Simvastatin - Mechanism of action
Combination of cholesterol absorption inhibitor and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
727
Ezetimibe/Simvastatin - Main indication
Hyperlipidemia.
728
Ezetimibe/Simvastatin - Main adverse effect
Common: Myalgia, GI upset; Serious: Rhabdomyolysis, liver dysfunction.
729
Ezetimibe/Simvastatin - Available preparations
Tablets: 10/10 mg, 10/20 mg, 10/40 mg, 10/80 mg.
730
Ezetimibe/Simvastatin - Common dosing
10/10 mg to 10/40 mg once daily.
731
Valsartan/Hydrochlorothiazide - Mechanism of action
Combination of an ARB and thiazide diuretic; reduces blood pressure through vasodilation and natriuresis.
732
Valsartan/Hydrochlorothiazide - Main indication
Hypertension.
733
Valsartan/Hydrochlorothiazide - Main adverse effect
Common: Dizziness, fatigue; Serious: Hyperkalemia, angioedema.
734
Valsartan/Hydrochlorothiazide - Available preparations
Tablets: 80/12.5 mg, 160/12.5 mg, 320/12.5 mg.
735
Valsartan/Hydrochlorothiazide - Common dosing
80/12.5 mg to 320/25 mg once daily.
736
Colchicine - Mechanism of action
Inhibits microtubule polymerization, reducing leukocyte migration and inflammation.
737
Colchicine - Main indication
Acute gout, familial Mediterranean fever.
738
Colchicine - Main adverse effect
Common: Diarrhea, nausea; Serious: Myopathy, bone marrow suppression.
739
Colchicine - Available preparations
Tablets: 0.6 mg.
740
Colchicine - Common dosing
1.2 mg at onset, then 0.6 mg 1 hour later (gout); 0.6 mg BID (prophylaxis).
741
Levocetirizine - Mechanism of action
Second-generation antihistamine; blocks H1 receptors.
742
Levocetirizine - Main indication
Allergic rhinitis, urticaria.
743
Levocetirizine - Main adverse effect
Common: Drowsiness, dry mouth; Serious: Hypersensitivity reactions.
744
Levocetirizine - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg; Solution: 2.5 mg/5 mL.
745
Levocetirizine - Common dosing
5 mg once daily.
746
Carvedilol CR - Mechanism of action
Non-selective beta blocker and alpha-1 blocker; reduces heart rate and blood pressure.
747
Carvedilol CR - Main indication
Heart failure, hypertension.
748
Carvedilol CR - Main adverse effect
Common: Dizziness, fatigue; Serious: Bradycardia, hypotension.
749
Carvedilol CR - Available preparations
Capsules: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, 80 mg.
750
Carvedilol CR - Common dosing
10-80 mg once daily.
751
Eszopiclone - Mechanism of action
Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic; enhances GABA activity in the CNS.
752
Eszopiclone - Main indication
Insomnia.
753
Eszopiclone - Main adverse effect
Common: Drowsiness, headache; Serious: Complex sleep behaviors.
754
Eszopiclone - Available preparations
Tablets: 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg.
755
Eszopiclone - Common dosing
1-3 mg at bedtime.
756
Clindamycin - Mechanism of action
Lincosamide antibiotic; inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
757
Clindamycin - Main indication
Bacterial infections.
758
Clindamycin - Main adverse effect
Common: Diarrhea, nausea; Serious: C. difficile infection, hepatotoxicity.
759
Clindamycin - Available preparations
Capsules: 75 mg, 150 mg, 300 mg; Solution: 75 mg/5 mL.
760
Clindamycin - Common dosing
150-450 mg every 6 hours.
761
Sotalol - Mechanism of action
Class III antiarrhythmic; prolongs the myocardial action potential and refractory period.
762
Sotalol - Main indication
Ventricular arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation.
763
Sotalol - Main adverse effect
Common: Dizziness, fatigue; Serious: QT prolongation, torsades de pointes.
764
Sotalol - Available preparations
Tablets: 80 mg, 120 mg, 160 mg.
765
Sotalol - Common dosing
80-160 mg BID.
766
Ticagrelor - Mechanism of action
P2Y12 inhibitor; inhibits platelet aggregation.
767
Ticagrelor - Main indication
Acute coronary syndrome, post-PCI.
768
Ticagrelor - Main adverse effect
Common: Dyspnea, bleeding; Serious: Hemorrhage.
769
Ticagrelor - Available preparations
Tablets: 60 mg, 90 mg.
770
Ticagrelor - Common dosing
90 mg BID for 12 months, then 60 mg BID.
771
Docusate Sodium - Mechanism of action
Stool softener; facilitates water mixing into stool.
772
Docusate Sodium - Main indication
Constipation.
773
Docusate Sodium - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset; Serious: Rare.
774
Docusate Sodium - Available preparations
Capsules: 50 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg; Liquid: 10 mg/mL.
775
Docusate Sodium - Common dosing
50-300 mg once or twice daily.
776
Ibandronate - Mechanism of action
Bisphosphonate; inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.
777
Ibandronate - Main indication
Osteoporosis.
778
Ibandronate - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset; Serious: Esophageal ulceration, osteonecrosis.
779
Ibandronate - Available preparations
Tablets: 150 mg; Injection: 3 mg/3 mL.
780
Ibandronate - Common dosing
150 mg once monthly or 3 mg IV every 3 months.
781
Nebivolol - Mechanism of action
Beta-1 selective blocker; reduces heart rate and blood pressure.
782
Nebivolol - Main indication
Hypertension.
783
Nebivolol - Main adverse effect
Common: Fatigue, headache; Serious: Bradycardia, hypotension.
784
Nebivolol - Available preparations
Tablets: 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg.
785
Nebivolol - Common dosing
5-40 mg once daily.
786
Methotrexate Injection - Mechanism of action
Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, reducing DNA synthesis.
787
Methotrexate Injection - Main indication
Rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, psoriasis.
788
Methotrexate Injection - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, fatigue; Serious: Hepatotoxicity, myelosuppression.
789
Methotrexate Injection - Available preparations
Injection: 25 mg/mL.
790
Methotrexate Injection - Common dosing
Individualized based on condition.
791
Ivabradine - Mechanism of action
Selectively inhibits the If current in the sinoatrial node, reducing heart rate.
792
Ivabradine - Main indication
Heart failure.
793
Ivabradine - Main adverse effect
Common: Bradycardia, visual disturbances; Serious: Atrial fibrillation.
794
Ivabradine - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg, 7.5 mg.
795
Ivabradine - Common dosing
5-7.5 mg BID.
796
Raloxifene - Mechanism of action
Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM); reduces bone resorption.
797
Raloxifene - Main indication
Osteoporosis, breast cancer prophylaxis.
798
Raloxifene - Main adverse effect
Common: Hot flashes, leg cramps; Serious: Thromboembolism.
799
Raloxifene - Available preparations
Tablets: 60 mg.
800
Raloxifene - Common dosing
60 mg once daily.
801
Sevelamer - Mechanism of action
Non-calcium phosphate binder; reduces serum phosphate levels.
802
Sevelamer - Main indication
Hyperphosphatemia in CKD.
803
Sevelamer - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, constipation; Serious: Bowel obstruction.
804
Sevelamer - Available preparations
Tablets: 800 mg; Powder: 2.4 g/packet.
805
Sevelamer - Common dosing
800-1600 mg TID with meals.
806
Cholecalciferol - Mechanism of action
Vitamin D3; promotes calcium absorption and bone health.
807
Cholecalciferol - Main indication
Vitamin D deficiency, osteoporosis.
808
Cholecalciferol - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset; Serious: Hypercalcemia.
809
Cholecalciferol - Available preparations
Capsules: 400 IU, 1000 IU, 5000 IU; Solution: 400 IU/mL.
810
Cholecalciferol - Common dosing
400-5000 IU daily or individualized.
811
Prazosin - Mechanism of action
Alpha-1 receptor blocker; relaxes smooth muscle in blood vessels and bladder neck.
812
Prazosin - Main indication
Hypertension, PTSD-related nightmares.
813
Prazosin - Main adverse effect
Common: Dizziness, orthostatic hypotension; Serious: Priapism.
814
Prazosin - Available preparations
Tablets: 1 mg, 2 mg, 5 mg.
815
Prazosin - Common dosing
1-5 mg BID to TID.
816
Ketoconazole - Mechanism of action
Inhibits fungal cytochrome P450, impairing ergosterol synthesis.
817
Ketoconazole - Main indication
Fungal infections.
818
Ketoconazole - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset; Serious: Hepatotoxicity, adrenal insufficiency.
819
Ketoconazole - Available preparations
Tablets: 200 mg; Cream: 2%; Shampoo: 2%.
820
Ketoconazole - Common dosing
200-400 mg daily (oral); apply topically BID.
821
Buspirone - Mechanism of action
Partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors; modulates serotonin activity.
822
Buspirone - Main indication
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).
823
Buspirone - Main adverse effect
Common: Dizziness, nausea; Serious: Serotonin syndrome.
824
Buspirone - Available preparations
Tablets: 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 30 mg.
825
Buspirone - Common dosing
10-30 mg daily in divided doses.
826
Sodium Bicarbonate - Mechanism of action
Neutralizes gastric acid and alkalinizes urine.
827
Sodium Bicarbonate - Main indication
Metabolic acidosis, GERD.
828
Sodium Bicarbonate - Main adverse effect
Common: Flatulence, metabolic alkalosis; Serious: Hypokalemia.
829
Sodium Bicarbonate - Available preparations
Tablets: 325 mg, 650 mg; Powder: 1 g/packet.
830
Sodium Bicarbonate - Common dosing
325-2000 mg 1-4 times daily.
831
Amoxicillin/Clavulanate - Mechanism of action
Beta-lactam antibiotic with beta-lactamase inhibitor; inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
832
Amoxicillin/Clavulanate - Main indication
Bacterial infections.
833
Amoxicillin/Clavulanate - Main adverse effect
Common: Diarrhea, GI upset; Serious: Hepatotoxicity, hypersensitivity.
834
Amoxicillin/Clavulanate - Available preparations
Tablets: 250/125 mg, 500/125 mg, 875/125 mg; Suspension: 125-600 mg/5 mL.
835
Amoxicillin/Clavulanate - Common dosing
500/125 mg every 8-12 hours.
836
Bimatoprost - Mechanism of action
Prostaglandin analog; increases aqueous humor outflow.
837
Bimatoprost - Main indication
Glaucoma, ocular hypertension.
838
Bimatoprost - Main adverse effect
Common: Eye irritation, eyelash growth; Serious: Ocular pigmentation changes.
839
Bimatoprost - Available preparations
Eye drops: 0.01%, 0.03%.
840
Bimatoprost - Common dosing
1 drop in affected eye(s) once daily.
841
Diltiazem ER - Mechanism of action
Calcium channel blocker; reduces heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand.
842
Diltiazem ER - Main indication
Hypertension, angina, arrhythmias.
843
Diltiazem ER - Main adverse effect
Common: Edema, headache; Serious: Bradycardia, hypotension.
844
Diltiazem ER - Available preparations
Capsules: 120 mg, 180 mg, 240 mg, 300 mg, 360 mg.
845
Diltiazem ER - Common dosing
120-360 mg once daily.
846
Levothyroxine Sodium - Mechanism of action
Synthetic T4 hormone; replaces endogenous thyroid hormone.
847
Levothyroxine Sodium - Main indication
Hypothyroidism.
848
Levothyroxine Sodium - Main adverse effect
Common: Palpitations, insomnia; Serious: Thyrotoxicosis.
849
Levothyroxine Sodium - Available preparations
Tablets: 25 mcg to 300 mcg.
850
Levothyroxine Sodium - Common dosing
1.6 mcg/kg/day once daily.
851
Fluticasone/Salmeterol - Mechanism of action
Combination of corticosteroid and long-acting beta-2 agonist; reduces inflammation and bronchodilates.
852
Fluticasone/Salmeterol - Main indication
Asthma, COPD.
853
Fluticasone/Salmeterol - Main adverse effect
Common: Throat irritation; Serious: Adrenal suppression, paradoxical bronchospasm.
854
Fluticasone/Salmeterol - Available preparations
Inhaler: 100/50 mcg, 250/50 mcg, 500/50 mcg.
855
Fluticasone/Salmeterol - Common dosing
1 inhalation BID.
856
Tolvaptan - Mechanism of action
Vasopressin receptor antagonist; promotes water excretion without electrolyte loss.
857
Tolvaptan - Main indication
Hyponatremia, polycystic kidney disease.
858
Tolvaptan - Main adverse effect
Common: Thirst, polyuria; Serious: Hepatotoxicity, dehydration.
859
Tolvaptan - Available preparations
Tablets: 15 mg, 30 mg, 60 mg, 90 mg.
860
Tolvaptan - Common dosing
15-60 mg once daily.
861
Dapagliflozin/Metformin - Mechanism of action
Combination of SGLT-2 inhibitor and biguanide; reduces renal glucose reabsorption and hepatic glucose production.
862
Dapagliflozin/Metformin - Main indication
Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
863
Dapagliflozin/Metformin - Main adverse effect
Common: UTI, GI upset; Serious: Ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis.
864
Dapagliflozin/Metformin - Available preparations
Tablets: 5/500 mg, 5/850 mg, 5/1000 mg.
865
Dapagliflozin/Metformin - Common dosing
5/500 mg BID initially, titrate as needed.
866
Rifaximin - Mechanism of action
Inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis.
867
Rifaximin - Main indication
Hepatic encephalopathy, traveler’s diarrhea, IBS-D.
868
Rifaximin - Main adverse effect
Common: Nausea, flatulence; Serious: Hypersensitivity reactions.
869
Rifaximin - Available preparations
Tablets: 200 mg, 550 mg.
870
Rifaximin - Common dosing
550 mg BID (encephalopathy); 200 mg TID (diarrhea).
871
Levetiracetam - Mechanism of action
Modulation of release of synaptic vesicles via SV2A protein.
872
Levetiracetam - Main indication
Focal onset seizure, Primary generalized tonic clonic seizures, Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Sizure in patients under chemotherapy
873
Levetiracetam - Main adverse effect
Common: Increased BP, vomiting, infection, headache; Serious: Behavioral changes, ataxia, drowsiness, fatigue, hypersensitivity reactions
874
Levetiracetam - Available preparations
Tablets: 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg, 1000 mg; Oral solution: 100 mg/mL; IV solution: 500mg/5mL.
875
Levetiracetam - Common dosing
1000-3000 mg/d; bid (immediate release), daily (extended release); Pediatric dosage individualized
876
Empagliflozin - Mechanism of action
SGLT-2 inhibitor; reduces renal glucose and sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule
877
Empagliflozin - Main indication
Type 2 diabetes, Heart failure, CKD.
878
Empagliflozin - Main adverse effect
Common: UTI, polyuria; Serious: Euglycemic Ketoacidosis, Fournier's gangrene, Increased risk of lower-limb amputation
879
Empagliflozin - Available preparations
Tablets: 10 mg, 25 mg.
880
Empagliflozin - Common dosing
10-25 mg once daily.
881
Brimonidine - Mechanism of action
Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist; reduces aqueous humor production.
882
Brimonidine - Main indication
Glaucoma, ocular hypertension.
883
Brimonidine - Main adverse effect
Common: Eye irritation, dry mouth; Serious: Hypersensitivity.
884
Brimonidine - Available preparations
Eye drops: 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%.
885
Brimonidine - Common dosing
1 drop in affected eye(s) BID to TID.
886
Tacrolimus - Mechanism of action
Calcineurin inhibitor; suppresses T-cell activation.
887
Tacrolimus - Main indication
Organ transplantation (prophylaxis).
888
Tacrolimus - Main adverse effect
Common: Tremor, GI upset; Serious: Nephrotoxicity, infections.
889
Tacrolimus - Available preparations
Capsules: 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg; Injection: 5 mg/mL.
890
Tacrolimus - Common dosing
0.1-0.2 mg/kg/day in divided doses.
891
Rosiglitazone - Mechanism of action
PPAR-gamma agonist; increases insulin sensitivity.
892
Rosiglitazone - Main indication
Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
893
Rosiglitazone - Main adverse effect
Common: Weight gain, edema; Serious: Heart failure, fracture risk.
894
Rosiglitazone - Available preparations
Tablets: 2 mg, 4 mg, 8 mg.
895
Rosiglitazone - Common dosing
4-8 mg once daily or divided BID.
896
Nystatin - Mechanism of action
Binds to fungal cell membranes, increasing permeability.
897
Nystatin - Main indication
Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
898
Nystatin - Main adverse effect
Common: GI upset (oral); Serious: Hypersensitivity, SJS.
899
Nystatin - Available preparations
Suspension: 100,000 units/mL; Tablets: 500,000 units; Cream 100,000 units/g; Ointment 100,000 units/g.
900
Nystatin - Common dosing
400,000-600,000 units 4 times daily (oral); Topical BID to TID.
901
Ramelteon - Mechanism of action
Melatonin receptor agonist; regulates circadian rhythms.
902
Ramelteon - Main indication
Insomnia.
903
Ramelteon - Main adverse effect
Common: Dizziness, fatigue; Serious: Allergic reactions.
904
Ramelteon - Available preparations
Tablets: 8 mg.
905
Ramelteon - Common dosing
8 mg at bedtime.
906
Phenylephrine - Mechanism of action
Alpha-1 agonist; causes vasoconstriction.
907
Phenylephrine - Main indication
Nasal congestion, Hypotension, Shock, Elevated ICP
908
Phenylephrine - Main adverse effect
Common: Hypertension, headache, diaphoresis; Serious: Reflex bradycardia, hypersensitivity reactions, arrhythmia.
909
Phenylephrine - Available preparations
Tablets: 10 mg; Injection: 10 mg/mL.
910
Phenylephrine - Common dosing
Nasal: 10 mg every 4 hours PRN; IV: individualized, IM: individualized.
911
Fosfomycin - Mechanism of action
Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
912
Fosfomycin - Main indication
Uncomplicated cystitis, Prophylaxis in recurrent cystitis, Uncomplicated UTI
913
Fosfomycin - Main adverse effect
Common: Diarrhea, nausea, headache; Serious: Hypersensitivity reactions.
914
Fosfomycin - Available preparations
Sachet: 3 g.
915
Fosfomycin - Common dosing
3 g single dose dissolved in water, repeat every 7-10 days for prophylaxis
916
Oxycodone/Naloxone - Mechanism of action
Combination of opioid agonist and antagonist; modulates pain and reduces opioid-induced constipation.
917
Oxycodone/Naloxone - Main indication
Severe pain.
918
Oxycodone/Naloxone - Main adverse effect
Common: Constipation, nausea; Serious: Respiratory depression.
919
Oxycodone/Naloxone - Available preparations
Tablets: 5/2.5 mg, 10/5 mg, 20/10 mg.
920
Oxycodone/Naloxone - Common dosing
5/2.5 mg to 20/10 mg BID.
