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CT LEC > Topic 01 and 02 > Flashcards

Topic 01 and 02 Flashcards

1
Q

A branch of pharmacology. Deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to complex ecosystems. Study of adverse effects caused by biological, physical, and chemical poisons.

A

Toxicology

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2
Q

List down some notable poisons in the history.

A
  1. Hemlock
  2. Aconite
  3. Opium
  4. Lead, Copper, Antimony, Arsenic, etc.
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3
Q

Name some famous people who were victims of toxic substances.

A
  1. Socrates
  2. Cleopatra
  3. Alexander the Great
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4
Q

Contributor/s in the Development of Toxicology (Ancient China)

A

Shen Nong

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5
Q

The compiler of the world’s first pharmacological compendium, “Divine Farmer’s Classic of Materia Medica”.

A

Shen Nong

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6
Q

Contributor/s in the Development of Toxicology (Ancient India)

A

Sushruta

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7
Q

Founding Father of Surgery. Prepared Suśrutasam Hitā.

A

Sushruta

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8
Q

This is one of the eight clinical specialties of Ayurvedic medicine, is specially associated with Toxicology.

A

Agada Tantra

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9
Q

Contributor/s in the Development of Toxicology (Ancient Egyptians)

A

Ebers Papyrus

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10
Q

Contributor/s in the Development of Toxicology (Ancient Greece)

A

Nicander of Colophon

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11
Q

Author of Theriaka and Alexipharmaka.

A

Nicander of Colophon

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12
Q

Contributor/s in the Development of Toxicology (Ancient Times)

A

Mithridates VI

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13
Q

Ruler of Pontus in northeastern Turkey. Experimented various poisons and antidotes.

A

Mithridates VI

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14
Q

He wrote the encyclopedic “De Materia Medica”. Classified poisons as animal, plant, or mineral.

A

Dioscorides

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15
Q

Contributor/s in the Development of Toxicology (Middle Ages)

A

Maimonides (Moses Ben Maimon)

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16
Q

Wrote “Treatise on Poisons and their Antidote”. Treaties on the treatment of poisoning from insects, snake bites, scorpion stings, and rabid dogs. Wrote on the subject of bioavailability, noting that milk, butter, and cream could delay intestinal absorption.

A

Maimonides (Moses Ben Maimon)

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17
Q

Contributor/s in the Development of Toxicology (18th & 19th Centuries)

A
  1. Theophrastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus)
  2. Richard Mead
  3. Bernardino Ramazzini
  4. Percival Pott
  5. Claude Bernard
  6. Mathieu Orfila
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18
Q

The Father of Toxicology. He theorized that there were Four (4) Pillars of Medicine: Natural Philosophy, Astronomy, Alchemy, and Medical Virtue.

A

Theophrastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus)

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19
Q

Authored the book “A Mechanical Account of Poisons in Several Essays”.

A

Richard Mead

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20
Q

Authored the book “De Morbis Artificum Diatriba” (A Treatise on the Diseases of Workers).

A

Bernardino Ramazzini

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21
Q

Authored the essay “Chirurgical Observations Relative to the Cataract, the Polypus of the Nose, the Cancer of the Scrotum”.

A

Percival Pott

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22
Q

His work led to the understanding of homeostasis. Studied the toxicological effects of opium, atropine, strychnine, and nicotine.

A

Claude Bernard

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23
Q

Considered to be the modern father of toxicology.

A

Mathieu Orfila

24
Q

Three (3) Main Professional Activities

A
  1. Descriptive Toxicology
  2. Mechanistic Toxicology
  3. Regulatory Toxicology
25
This provides necessary information for safety evaluation and regulatory requirements.
Descriptive Toxicology
26
It is concerned with elucidating the mechanisms by which chemicals exert their toxic effects on living organisms. Aims to identify the molecular effects that lead to the manifestation of toxic effects.
Mechanistic Toxicology
27
It is concerned with the responsibility of deciding based on data provided by the descriptive toxicologist if a drug or other chemical possesses a sufficiently low risk to be marketed for a stated purpose.
Regulatory Toxicology
28
Four (4) Specialized Areas of Toxicology
1. Forensic Toxicology 2. Clinical Toxicology 3. Environmental Toxicology 4. Occupational Toxicology
29
A hybrid of analytic chemistry and fundamental toxicological principles. It is concerned with the medico-legal aspects of the harmful effects of chemicals on humans.
Forensic Toxicology
30
It deals within the realm of medical science concerned with disease caused by, or uniquely associated with toxic substances.
Clinical Toxicology
31
Studies chemicals that are contaminants of food, water, soil, or the air. Study the effect of xenobiotics in the environment, which may include the animals.
Environmental Toxicology
32
Study of adverse effects that are due to chemicals encountered at work.
Occupational Toxicology
33
An abnormal, undesirable, or harmful effect on well-being that is indicated by some measurable endpoints such as mortality, food consumption, body and organ weights, enzyme levels, or pathologic findings.
Adverse Effects
34
A chromosomal breakage resulting in rearrangement of pieces of chromosomes.
Clastogenesis
35
These are chemicals with molecular weights of less than 1000 and generally react with endogenous carrier molecules to become antigens before they exhibit immunogenicity.
Haptens
36
This is the process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed, resulting in a mutation and subsequently transmission during cell division. Heritable changes in genetic material that are limited to the effects on nucleic acid.
Mutagenesis
37
It refers to an injury produced by a chemical to one kind of living matter without harming some other kind, even though the two may have been an intimate contact.
Selective Toxicity
38
This is the study of malformations induced during development from conception to birth.
Teratology
39
The synonymous with very harmful; concerning the effects of chemicals.
Toxic
40
A relative term used in comparing one chemical with another. A relative property of a chemical refers to the harmful effects of the latter on some biological mechanisms.
Toxicity
41
The expected frequency of a particular untoward effect in response to a particular agent.
Risk
42
This is the amount of exposure to a given agent that is deemed safe for some time.
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)
43
The determination of the ability of agents to produce cancer.
Carcinogenicity (Tumorgenicity)
44
The quantity of medicine that can kill an organism.
Lethal/Fatal Dose
45
The toxicity associated with any chemical substance.
Intoxication
46
A clinical toxicity secondary to accidental exposure.
Poisoning
47
An intentional exposure with the intent of causing self-injury or death.
Overdose
48
It refers to toxic substances produced naturally.
Toxin
49
It denotes the altered pharmacodynamics of a drug when given in toxic dosage, since normal receptors and effector's mechanism may be altered.
Toxicodynamics
50
It is applied to the pharmacokinetics of toxic doses of chemicals, since the toxic effects of an agent may alter normal mechanisms for absorption, metabolism or excretion of a foreign material.
Toxicokinetics
51
A log dose that can produce 50% mortality in a population.
Median Lethal Dose
52
These are clinical syndromes that are essential for the successful recognition of poisoning patterns.
Toxidromes
53
Two (2) Types of Poisoning
1. Acute Poisoning 2. Chronic Poisoning
54
A prompt and marked disturbance of function or death within a short time that is caused by taking a strong poison in an excessive single dose of a drug or several small doses but frequent administration of a drug.
Acute Poisoning
55
Poisoning marked by a gradual deterioration of function of tissues and may or may not result in death.
Chronic Poisoning

CT LEC (2 decks)

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