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PSY323 > Topic 07.5: Stereotypes, Discrimination, & Prejudice > Flashcards

Topic 07.5: Stereotypes, Discrimination, & Prejudice Flashcards

1
Q

Who coined the term Model Minority Myth?

A

sociologist William Petersen in 1966

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2
Q

What are “Model Minorities”? (characteristics)

A

Individuals who are:

  1. high achieving and hard working
  2. universally successful / multi-talented
  3. morally just, value prosocial norms
  4. quiet, well-behaved, disinterested in political activity
    - > Because they are members of a group (typically Asian or Pacific Islander)
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3
Q

What are Model Minorities meant to serve as?

A

Meant to serve as reference group for other minorities on “ideal” behavior

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4
Q

What’s so bad about model minority myth? It’s “good” things?

A
  1. “Bamboo ceiling” problem
  2. Many teachers and counselors assume that Asian students don’t need counseling or extra help with studying &
  3. Associated with various mental health issues in Asian Americans
  4. College admissions in US now hold Asian Americans to higher standards than other students
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5
Q

What is the “Bamboo cieling” problem?

A
  • Asians not invited to board meetings unless socially submissive
  • Asked to leave when they are loud, abrasive, dominant
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6
Q

What mental health issues occur in Asian Americans because of this myth?

A
  1. Holding self to unrealistic standards
  2. Identity becomes tied to career & academic successes
  3. potentially leads to anxiety & mood disorders
  4. further compounded by problem that Asian Americans are 3x less likely to seek mental health services
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7
Q

How do college admissions in US hold Asian Americans to higher standards than other students?

A
  1. Assess based on “stereotypical skills”
  2. Check whether they are “multi-talented”
  3. counter-intuitively: when they do fit the stereotype their efforts are discounted
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8
Q

The history behind the myth?

A

For most US history, stereotypes of Asians (especially Chinese & Japanese) were particularly negative
e.g. “Yellow Peril” / “Yellow Terror”
e.g.2 During WWII, Japanese Americans & immigrants were sent to “internment” camps
But…..
In 1965 US lifted “Asian quota” on immigration
new quotas asked for people who are educated, bring value to society
e.g. doctors, engineers, college professors
As soon as they immigrated were categorized as “Model Minorities”
Created second-generation Asian-Americans with high socioeconomic status

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9
Q

How is this stereotype complicated?

A

Stereotypes started being employed as a social weapon to contrast Asian immigrants against immigrants of other nations (especially African)
Even though socioeconomic differences explained by historical immigration policies
Ex. median household income: Asian 69k, white 57k, black 33 or graduation rate: Asian 88%, white 86%, black 69%

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10
Q

How can “good” stereotypes be harmful?

A

Disparagement is still widely prevalent in the US even today
Also used often to deny racism or white supremacy claims
The problem gets “worse” when we realize…

Stereotypes exported outside of US because of US hegemony over media (TV shows & movies) (dissemination through social media to other countries)
-> Social Learning Theory

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11
Q

How do we use these stereotypes in automatic processing?

A

If people’s only exposure to “Asian” people are stereotypical portrayals of Asians, their schemas (prototypes) will be similar
Schemas are activated during heuristic processing, the representative heuristics uses prototypes that we already have in our minds.
-> automatic categorizations, intentions, values

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12
Q

NOTE: Not only “Model Minority” exported, also new, different harmful stereotypes that get exported: (CLICK FOR EXAMPLES)

A 
“Yelling/Neurotic Old Man”
 “Tranquil but Deadly Martial Artist”
 “De-Sexualized Asian Man”
“Asian Doll” / “Docile Lambs”
 “Dragon Lady” or “Scheming Temptress”
-> we start to accept these stereotypes whether subconsciously or consciously.
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13
Q

What are stereotypes?

A

-> Cognitive phenomena
Beliefs, attitudes; schemas of people and groups (prototypes)
e.g. believing that _______ are less smart than average
e.g.2 thinking someone is a criminal because they are from ________

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14
Q

What is prejudice?

A

Affective phenomenon
Emotions, feelings towards & evaluations of other group members
e.g. feeling afraid when a __________ enters elevator with you
e.g.2 being too disgusted to shake hands with a ________
e.g.3 fetishes of specific races

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15
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Behavioral phenomenon
Advantaging or disadvantaging someone because of their group
e.g. paying someone less for being ______
e.g.2 refused to enter pool/restaurant for being ______

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16
Q

What is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?

A

All are related but different elements of intergroup conflict

Differ in construct and as a result: differ in measurement, effects, and mechanisms

Stereotypes: categorizing VS. Prejudice: evaluation VS. Discrimination: actual behavior

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17
Q

What is prejudice measured with?

A

The feeling thermometer

ex. how warm or cold a person appears (how comfortable are you with them around)

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18
Q

What is a type of discrimination measurement?

A

Allocation Task

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19
Q

What theoretical models are used in prejudice research (Intergroup Conflict History Research)

A
  1. Realistic Group Conflict Theory
  2. Allport’s Contact Hypothesis
  3. Social Identity Theory
  4. Self-Categorization Theory: Social-Cognitive Processes

Diposition-based:

  1. Adorno: Authoritatian Personality (F-Scale)
    - > Dollard: Frustration-Aggression Hypothsis
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20
Q

What are the main points of the REALISTIC GROUP CONFLICT THEORY?

A
  • forming ingroup identity
  • competition over resources
  • physical & symbolic threat
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21
Q

What are the main points of the ALLPORT’S CONTACT HYPOTHESIS?

A
  • unequal status
  • competition
  • conflicting goals
  • systematic laws/policies that promote inequality
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22
Q

What are the main points of the SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY?

A
  • mere categorization
  • ingroup favoritism
  • outgroup derogation
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23
Q

What are the main points of the SELF-CATEGORIZATION THEORY: SOCIAL COGNITIVE PROCESSES?

A
  • categorization
  • prototypes & schemata
  • self-stereotyping & collective esteem
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24
Q

What are the contemporary disposition-based (personality) approaches to prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination?

A
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25
Q

What are blatant biases?

A

conscious beliefs, feelings, or behaviors that individuals are comfortable expressing which mostly express hostility towards other groups (outgroups) while unduly favoring one’s own group (ingroup)

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26
Q

What are the elements of “Traditional Family Ideology” (Lutfy Diab, 1959)?

A
  1. Conventionalism
  2. Authoritarian submission
  3. Exaggerated masculinity and femininity
  4. Extreme emphasis on discipline
  5. Moralistic rejection of impulse life
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27
Q

What are the two contemporary constructs/scales inspired by Authoritarian Personality?

A

Social Dominance Orientation & Right-Wing Authoriatarianis

28
Q

Why did the F-scale by Adorno 1947 fall in popularity?

A

fell in popularity because it had weak psychometric properties
-> huge acquiescence bias problem: i.e.was clear what the “good” answers was

29
Q

What is Social Dominance Orientation? What are its two factors?

A

the belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and are even good to maintain order and stability.

trait dominance and trait anti-egalitarianism

30
Q

Who developed the SDO

A

developed by Jim Sidanius & Felicia Pratto ; SDO-7 Scale

31
Q

What is egalitarianism?

extra question for me

A

the doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.

32
Q

What are those who score high in SDO most likely to believe?

A
  • it is justifiable for individuals to use dominance-based strategies to rise in rank (trait dominance)
  • no such thing as group “equality” (trait anti-egalitarianism)
33
Q

What is other important Research that correlates to High SDO relating to the work environment?

A

strong belief in work ethic, tend to choose and thrive in jobs with existing group hierarchies (vs. egalitarian-structure jobs), gets upset if outgroup member joins neighbourhood, score lower than avg on empathy/tolerance/altruism….

34
Q

Why do Low SDO predict “violence against the West” in cross-cultural research (Leb & Palestine)? Nour Kteily et al 2017 : which reference group is salient while answering?

A

when researchers asked questions, “reference group” for “high status” is West vs “low status” East

35
Q

Another important cross-cultural note:
when SDO was validated in Lebanon, many studies often studied it through perspective of Western interests:
These studies often cited in gov’t policy reports & drafts
Do not tend to ask Arab participants about Arab issues, politics, or values

A
36
Q

What is Right-Wing Authoriatarianism?

A

measures the support for the subordination of individual freedom and autonomy to the collective and its authority

37
Q

What is Right-Wing Authoritarianism? What are its three factors?

A

measures the support for the subordination of individual freedom and autonomy to the collective and its authority

  1. Authoritarianism
  2. Conservatism
  3. Traditionalism
38
Q

Who first proposed RWA and other versions?

A

Canadian social psychologist Robert Altmeyer in 1981 & most “psychometrically sound” version: tripartite factor model (Buzimic & Duckitt 2013)

39
Q

What is Authoriatarianism?

A

Tough attitude towards violations of social rules, norms, and laws

40
Q

What is Conservatism?

A

Favoring obedient and respectful support for societal authorities

41
Q

What is Traditionalism?

A

Favoring traditional, “pure” religious social norms and values

42
Q

What are correlates of scoring high on RWA?

A

general preference for order, clarity of rules, conventional values, conservative beliefs

demanding in-group conformity, punishing out-group mimicry

43
Q

Difference between SDO & RWA?

A

RWA focuses on conflicts of values, SDO focuses on conflicts of resources/power

44
Q

RWA endorses respect for obedience and authority in service of group conformity
e.g. dislike outgroup member moving into the neighborhood because:
brings beliefs & values disagreed with
collective / in-group values & identity feel “threatened”

A
45
Q

When do SDO and RWA produce discrimination?

A

Altmeyer 2004: It is the combination of high RWA + high SDO =
joining hate groups that openly endorse aggression against:
minority groups
immigrants
homosexuals
believers in non-dominant religions

46
Q

What is the similarity between Left-leaning and right-leaning individuals?

A

Both “left-leaning” and “right-leaning” individuals can display trait-authoritarianism

47
Q

What distinguishes LWA from RWA?

A

the content of the dogmatically defended values:
“left” vs “right” NOT about political orientation
“Right-Wing”= submits to existing authority
“Left-Wing” = submits to revolutionary authority

48
Q

How does LWA resemble RWA?

A

high levels of dogmatism
punitive attitudes toward dissenters
desire for strong authority figures

49
Q

According to Jordan Moss, 2020, what is one of the key moderators for whether left wing or right wing becomes authoritarian?

A

moral absolutism

50
Q

What is the main idea of the Stereotype Content Model? What two factors are most important?

A

We are naturally nervous around people who are different from us
When we see someone different from us, we immediately want to know two things:
Good intentions? Cooperate? Etc. (Warmth)
Can they carry out those intentions? (Competence)

COMPETENCE AND WARMTH

The SCM maps this out

51
Q

What do we mean when we say “competent” vs “warm”?

A

“Competent” as “Intellectual”

“Warm” as “Social”

52
Q

What are the different types of prejudice according to variations in warmth-competence?

A

Ambivalent prejudice
Contemptuous Prejudice
Paternalistic Prejudice
Envious Prejudice

53
Q

According to Fiske et al. 2002, what prejudice does MC-MW fall under?

A

Ambivalent Prejudice

54
Q

According to Fiske et al. 2002, what prejudice does LW-LC fall under?

A

Contemptuous Prejudice
Active Harming
-> reporting, aggression
ex. poor, homeless

55
Q

According to Fiske et al. 2002, what prejudice does HW-LC fall under?

A

Paternalistic Prejudice
Passive Helping
-> listen to them, minimal facilitation
ex. elderly, disabled, housewives

56
Q

According to Fiske et al. 2002, what prejudice does LW-HC fall under?

A

Envious Prejudice
Passive Harming
-> avoidance, dismissal
ex. men, rich, educated, professionals, asians, jews

57
Q

According to Fiske et al. 2002, what does HW-HC fall under?

A 
Admiration
In-Group Members (favoritism)
 Conformity & Mimicry
 Active Helping
-> Devote true cognitive 
-> & motivational effort to helping
ex. women, students, middle class
58
Q

According to Richard Schweder what is “truth” or “reality”?

A

what we call Truth is often a social construction that only applies to that culture (or our ingroup)
my group’s values are the “correct” ones
my group’s actions are “acceptable”
our group’s entire thinking & behavior is “the norm”
They are the “truth” when doing inter-country comparisons AND within-country inter-group comparisons

59
Q

How Do We Change Stereotypes / Reduce Prejudice to Better?

A

Superordinate Goals. How do they work?
Can also give us “Superordinate Identity”
Gaertner & Dovidio 2008 Common Ingroup Identity
interdependence + cooperation = common ingroup identity  favorable intergroup attitudes

60
Q

What other than contact and cooperation can reduce prejudice?

A

Using deliberate thinking (Fiske & Taylor)
Do not be “color-blind”  acknowledge differences
Remember to think of multiple group memberships of a person
Activate several prototypes to be used in our perceptions and attributions

61
Q

What other than contact and cooperation can reduce prejudice? part 2

A

Fiona White et al 2012/2014: electronic contact is shown to reduce
Inter-religious prejudice (e.g. Muslim & Christian students across countries)
Interacting online through video games with an outgroup member (sex + sexual orientation) reduces biases
Even brief interaction or discussion with schizophrenia-affected individual reduces myths

62
Q

What other than contact and cooperation can reduce prejudice? part 2

A

Wright et al 1997: knowing that a member of one’s group has a positive relationship with an outgroup member fosters positive attitudes and beliefs

63
Q

What other than contact and cooperation can reduce prejudice? part 3

A

Wright et al 1997: knowing that a member of one’s group has a positive relationship with an outgroup member fosters positive attitudes and beliefs

64
Q

What other than contact and cooperation can reduce prejudice? part 4

A

Watching/observing contact between ingroup and outgroup members can significantly reduce prejudice
Elizabeth “Patsy” Paluck 2009 Field study of mass media effect on prejudice reduction
(check results in powerpoint)

65
Q

What are the different types of prejudice according to variations in warmth-competence?

A

PSY323 (2 decks)

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