Topic 1 Flashcards
(24 cards)
Formula of magnification
Image size/ Actual size (remember to use the same units)
Function of RER
Protein synthesis
Explain how the electron micrograph helped to falsify the Davson- Danielli model
The Davson- Danielli model proposed 2 layers of proteins on either side of a lipid bilayer. Micrographs illustrate proteins in and/or crossing the membrane
Draw a labelled diagram to show prokaryotic cell structure
Naked DNA Cytoplasm 70s ribosomes Cell wall Pili Cell membrane Flagellum
Draw a palisade mesophyll cell and label the structures that should NOT be present in a pancreatic cell
Cell wall
Large vacuole
Chloroplast
Draw an eukaryotic plant cell
Cell wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Chloroplast Golgi apparatus Vacuole Ribosome Mitochondria RER
Draw a diagram of the fluid mosaic model
Phospholipid- hydrocarbon tail and phosphate head Cholesterol Integral protein Peripheral protein Glycoprotein/ Glycolipid
Advantages and disadvantages of adult stem cells
Advantages: Regenerate tissues Less ethical objections Source is not killed No rejection Disadvantages: Difficult to obtain Differentiate less than embryonic stem cells
Outline how stem cells are used for Stargardt’s disease
Stargardt’s disease-degeneration of photoreceptor cells
Stem cells can differentiate into healthy retinal cells
Injecting them into the eye can restore vision
Function of mitochondria
Aerobic cell respiration
Explain how the amphipathic properties of phospholipids allow them to form a bilayer
Amphipathic= they are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Hydrophilic parts will be on the outside and face the water
Hydrophobic parts will be afraid of water and will remain on the inside
Function of vacuole
Osmotic balance
How did Pasteur falsify spontaneous generation?
Spontaneous generation= life appears from nothing
Pasteur placed a broth in flasks
He sterilized some flasks to kill microbes, waited, and no microbes grew
After the necks of flasks were snapped, microbes grew because of the entry of air with microbes
Conclusion: cells only come from preexisting cells
Final product of mitosis
2 identical daughter nuclei
Outline the functions of life
Metabolism- chemical reactions in an organism
Response- react to stimuli
Growth- increase in size
Reproduction- produce offspring
Excretion- elimination of waste
Homeostasis- maintaining a stable interior environment
Nutrition- process of taking in and making use of food
Define metabolism
All chemical reactions in an organism (catabolic and anabolic)
Function of cilia
Movement
Distinguish between the chromosomes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Associated to proteins VS Not associated to proteins
Linear VS Circular
In nucleus VS In cytoplasm
Outline the types of membrane transport
Simple diffusion- passive movement of molecules along a concentration gradient
Facilitated diffusion- passive movement of molecules along a concentration gradient through a protein channel
Osmosis- passage of water through a membrane from lower solute concentration to higher
Active transport- movement of molecules against the concentration gradient through the use of membrane pumps with the use of ATP
Endocytosis- formation of vesicles to bring molecules in the cell with the use of energy
Exocytosis- formation of vesicles to release molecules from the cell with the use of energy
Explain the endosymbiotic theory
Chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free living organisms
This is why the have:
-70s ribosomes
-double membrane
-DNA loop
Cell took in another cell by endocytosis and kept it alive in a symbiotic relationship
Describe the functions of proteins in cell membranes
Channel proteins- facilitated diffusion
Protein pumps- active transport
Cell adhesion
Receptors for hormones
How do cyclins control the cell cycle?
Stages:
-G1
-S
-G2
-Mitosis
Controlled by cyclins
Cyclins must reach a certain concentration
4 cyclins enter at different stages and trigger the next ones by binding to kinases and activating them
Kinases phosphorylate other proteins which perform specific functions
What happens to a cell when placed in a hypertonic and hypotonic solution?
Hypertonic- water leaves
Hypotonic- water enters
Discuss the cell theory and its limitations
Cell theory:
Explanation of life
Organisms are composed of one or more cells
Cells are the smallest units of life
Cells can only come from pre existing cells
Limitations:
Striated muscle cells- many nuclei
Giant algae- complex single cell structure
Aseptate fungi- hyphae (tube like structures that contain no septa between the many nuclei)
