Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 225 > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

a vehicle for the hereditary information that defines a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who discovered the cell?

A

Z and H Janssen, Robert hook and Anton van Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

H and Z Janssen

A

produced the first compound microscope
1590

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a compound microscope

A

A microscope with multiple lenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Used a compound microscope
described the chambers in Cork as cells
1665

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

first to observe living cells
made his own microscope
1673

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what objective does van Leeuwenhoek microscope have

A

~300x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who proposed the first two rules of the cell doctrine? what year 1839

A

Schleiden and Schwann
1839

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who proposed the third rule of cell doctrine and why was it added

A

Virchow
Added because ppl believed in spontaneous generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The cell doctrine

A
  1. All life is made from one or more cells
  2. Cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms
  3. All cells arise from pre-existing cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Exception of rule 3 of the cell doctrine

A

viruses, liposome and artificial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

J. Craig Venture institute

A

built a completely synthetic genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 10 most important universal features of cells

A
  1. All cells store their hereditary information in the same linear chemical code (DNA)
  2. All cells replicate their hereditary information by templated polymerization
  3. All cells transcribe portions of their hereditary information into the same intermediary form (RNA)
  4. All cells use proteins as catalysts
  5. All cells translate RNA into protein the same way
  6. The fragment of genetic information corresponding to one protein is one gene
  7. Life requires free energy
  8. All cells function as biochemical factories dealing with the same basic molecular building blocks
  9. All cells are enclosed in a plasma membrane across which nutrients and waste materials must pass
  10. A living cell can exist within fewer than 500 genes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Cell Biology

A

Combo of Biochemistry, Cytology and Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why can’t we see neurons/how long can they get

A

Neurons can be a meter long but too thin to see with naked eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Resolution

A

The minimum distance between two objects where we can determine that they are distinctly separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the resolution of a light microscope?

A

just under 200nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the resolution of the human eye

A

Resolution for our eye is 100um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Definition for resolution of a light microscope (formula)

A

Resolution = 0.61 (lambda)/NA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How to get a better resolution

A

Larger angle and shorter wavelength (violet light (390))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Does a small distance make for better or worse resolution?

A

Small distance = higher or better resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the issue with trying to observe cells using wavelength? What can we do to solve this issue?

A

lots of cells are translucent
Can add stains to visualize
(may kill cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Violet light wavelength

A

390nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

electromagnetic wavelength

A

0.004nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Types of microscopy (7 types)

A
  • Brightfield microscopy
  • Phase contrast microscopy
  • Differential interference contrast microscopy (Nomarski)
  • Fluorescent microscopy
  • Confocal microscopy
  • Transmission electron
    microscopy (TEM)
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Brightfield microscopy

A

Light is shone through the specimen and is blocked by material which creates a shadow
can increase contrast with stains
can use with living sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Phase contrast microscopy

A

Uses phase and absorbed light
compare light that travelled through light that didn’t to get an image (constructive and destructive interference)
can be used on living samples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Constructive and destructive interference

A

Peak + peak =constructive
Peak +troft = destructive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Differential interference contrast microscopy (Nomarski)

A

Uses phase light and absorbed light and polarization of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How does polarization work

A

Light can be oriented to travel in a sheet
When light hits the sample it shifts the plane of light
Blocks reflected light from travelling through (ie polarized sunglasses)

31
Q

Fluorescent microscopy

A

Light is generated by fluorophores in the sample
fluorescent samples have an excitation and emission wavelength

32
Q

Emmision wavlength is _____ and excitation is ______

A

longer
shorter

33
Q

how do dichroic mirrors work in fluorescent microcopy?

A

Light is shone into the microscope which then reflects off the dichroic mirror down to the sample which then excites the fluorophores and light passes through the mirror and is detected at the top using imaging

34
Q

Confocal microscopy

A

Uses Z stacking to create a 3D image
Can look specifically for fluorescence anywhere in an object

35
Q

Z stacking

A

Using cross sections to create a 3D image
used with fluorescence

36
Q

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

A

opposite of brightfield
x-rays that are focused with magnets are sent through the sample and look at where they are blocked
done under vacuum conditions
samples are stained with heavy metals
cant use for living samples
Resolution is 2nm

37
Q

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

A

Samples are frozen or dried and then sprayed with a very thin layer of heavy metals
uusually gold bc its electron dense
Works in vacuum
Resolution ius about 10nm
Not compatible with living organisms

38
Q

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)

A

originally isolated from a jellyfish
It fluoresces green
gene that makes this protein can be put into any organism to make them fluoresce

39
Q

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) excitation and emission

A

Excitation: 465
Emission: 510

40
Q

What doe the Green fluorescent protein (GFP) promoter do?

A

The promoter determines whether the gene is on or off
(acts as a lightswitch)

41
Q

Why is cell size important

A

The larger the cell becomes the less efficient internal processes become
More energy costing
slower rates of diffusion
lower membrane volume with larger cells

42
Q

Surface area to vlume ratio: More sides = ____ surface area and _____ volume

A

more
less

43
Q

The three domains

A

Bacteria
Archae
Eucaryotes

44
Q

prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and archae
Have no true nucleus
Generally lack internal membranes and compartments (organelles)
There are still some levels of organization

45
Q

What does Prokaryote

A

Means pre-kernel (no true nucleus)

46
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Have a nucleus
Have organelles
Are compartmentally organized

47
Q

Everything inside the plasma membrane

A

cytoplsm

48
Q

Everything inside the plasma membrane, apart from organelles

A

cytosol

49
Q

T or F: Organisms can be unicellular or multicellular

A

True

50
Q

If organisms are a single cell for most of their life we classify them as……

A

microbes!

51
Q

Rank from highest to lowest number of genes in a genome:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Multicellular organisms

A

Prokaryotes > Eukaryotes > Multicellular organisms

52
Q

Primary cell culture

A

Taken directly from the organism

53
Q

Secondary culture

A

Subculture of a primary culture

54
Q

Invetro

A

biological components removed from the cell

55
Q

Invevo

A

within the same biological system

56
Q

In silico

A

experiment done computationally (performed by computer)

57
Q

How are cells typically grown?

A

Suspended in a liquid (pure liquid)
Suspended in a semi-solid
Plated on the surface of a semi-solid (agar)

58
Q

Cells are grown in

A

Media

59
Q

healthy animal cells are

A

anchorage-dependent for growth in media or else they undergo programmed cell death

60
Q

Normal vs Transformed (animal cell culture)

A

Normal: Healthy, Anchorage-dependant, attached to a component of the extracellular matrix
growth factor dependant
contact inhibited
Transformed: Opp of normal cells, Anchorage-independent, Growth factor independent, Not contact inhibited

61
Q

hayflick limit

A

amount of time a cell will divide before dying (normal cell: ~50-100 times), does not affect transformed cells

62
Q

Eagles basal medium (1955) MORE DETAILS

A

Amino acids: There at 10 amino acids, we can make, the 10 we need from diet are called essential amino acids because we have to consume them
Vitamins: functional ground that certain proteins require to function that cant be produced by our body, function as components of coenzymes
Salts: Used for maintenance of tonicity and membrane potential as components of buffers, etc
Glucose: glucose is sugar, used by cells for energy
Penicillin and streptomycin are used to treat infection (don’t necesarily need)
Antibiotics: reduces the risk of bacterial contamination in this very rich medium
Phenol red: PH indicator, tells us PH of media by over time media changes from bright pink to yellow, once yellow it is called exhausted (don’t necessarily need)
Serum: the exogenous source of growth factors required by normal cells, there can be variation between serums (growth factors can also be provided directly)
Water: the most abundant component

63
Q

Eagles basal medium (1955) (components)

A

Amino acids, Vitamins, salts, glucose, antibiotics, phenol red, serum, water

64
Q

Hela cells

A

The first immortal human cell culture
cultured from Henrietta lacks aggressive cervical cancer
was used to develop the polio vaccine

65
Q

Ethical issue surrounding
Hela cells

A

there was no consent to donate cell samples
and People made money off of it

66
Q

Who discovered Hela cells? and where

A

George and Margaret Gey, Johns Hopkns (1951)

67
Q

Subcategories of cryopreservation (3)

A

Cryobiology
Cryogenics
Cryonics

68
Q

Cryobiology

A

looking at the effects of temperature on organisms or the use of cryopreservation
using low temps to preserve cells

69
Q

Cryogenics

A

A branch of physics that studies low temps

70
Q

Cryonics

A

Freezing ppls heads in the hopes of restoring life

71
Q

Cryopreservation

A

Metabolically inactivates cells

72
Q

Advantages of Cryopreservation of animal cells

A

Allows many repetitions of the same experiment
Cells can be stored for additional work at different stages of differentiation or after a variety of experimental treatments (metabolically suspended)

73
Q

Cryoprotectants

A

prevent the formation water of crystals which destroy cells

BIOL 225 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions