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topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

whats a function of the non-conding dna in the genome

A

they regulate transcription

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2
Q

genome

A

total genetic material present in an organism

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3
Q

what is a genome made of

A

made up of genes (coding regions) and other DNA sequences that do not code for a protein (non-coding regions)

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4
Q

whats the repeated strand in a dna

A

nucleotide - sugar base phosphate

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5
Q

whats a dna nucleotide made of

A

deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, base

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6
Q

what carbon does the base attach to

A

carbon 1

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7
Q

whats the backbone of a dna made of

A

the phosphate of one nucleotide and the carbon 3 of another , joined by strong chemical bonds

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8
Q

what holds the bases together

A

weak hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

what is needed for the leading strand during pcr

A

dna polymerase , primer

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10
Q

what does a lagging strand need during pcr and why

A

needs primer, its a short strand of nucleotides to start the dna replication
needs dna polymerase to add dna nucleotides
ligase is needed to put the fragments together

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11
Q

how does PCR happen

A
  • heated to 95, hydrogen bonds break, dna unzips
  • cooled to 55 allows primers to bind to their specific target sequences at the 3’ end
  • heaed to 75, allows the heat tolerant dna polymerase to replicate the original dna
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12
Q

what is gene expression

A

is the activation of certain genes in a cell to produce a particular proteins, only a fraction of the genes in a cell are expressed

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13
Q

whats an rna made of

A

single stranded
made of nucleotide
ribose sugar, phosphate, base

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14
Q

mRNA

A

it carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to ribosome

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15
Q

what r the rna bases

A

uracil-adenine
cytosine - guanine

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16
Q

tRNA

A

found in cytoplasm
binds to specific amino acids and transports them to ribosome

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17
Q

rRNA

A

forms a complex with protein molecules to make the ribosome

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18
Q

what happens during transcription

A

-rna polymerase moves along and unwinds double helix
rna polymerase synthesises a primary transcript of mrna from rna nucleotides by complementary base pairing
they pair up
and rna splicing occurs

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19
Q

codon

A

a triplet of three bases on mRNA each codes for a specific amino acid

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20
Q

what happens in translation

A

begins at mRNA start and stop codon
tRNA brings specific amino acids
the tRNA anti codons bind by complementary base pairing
peptide bonds join amino acid together
tRNA leaves

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21
Q

alternative rna splicing

A

happens when a different mature mRNA transcript is produced by the same primary transcript depending on which exons r retained

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22
Q

polypeptide structure

A

amino acids bonded by peptide bonds
three dimensial shape
held by hydrogen bonds

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23
Q

cellular differentiation

A

the process by which a cell expresses certain genes to produce proteins characteristics for that type of cell.
this allows a cell to carry out specialised functions

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24
Q

meristem cells

A

unspecialised cells in plants

25
embroyonic stem cells
pluripotent
26
tissue stem cells
multipotent can only differentiate into a cell related to tissue/muscle
27
mutations definition
mutations are changes to the dna they arise spontaneously and at random but occur rarely
28
what is substitution mutation
single nucleotide substitution which can bring about only a minor change
29
what are the three types of substitution mutations
missense - little affect nonsense - amino acids becomes into a stop codon, causes it to form a shorter polypeptide chain splice site - results in some introns being retained or some exons been taken out
30
insertion definition
an extra nucleotide is added into the sequence this alters all the codons
31
deletion definition
a nucleotide is removed from the sequence this alters al the codons
32
what mutation is classified as a frame-shift mutations
insertion and deletion as it alters all the amino acids from the mutation and onwards
33
what are the 4 types of chromosome mutations
involves the chromosome structure being altered deletion duplication translocation inversion
34
what is deletion chromosome structure mutation
a section of chromosome is removed
35
what is duplication chromosome structure mutation
a section of a chromosome is added from its homologous partner
36
what is translocation chromosome structure mutation
a section of chromosome is added from its non homologous partner
37
what is inversion chromosome structure mutation
a section of chromosome is reversed within itself
38
what is evolution
evolution is the change that occurs in organisms over generations as a result of genomic variation. these variations take the form of changes in the frequencies of certain genetic sequences
39
vertical inheritance
genes are transferred from parent to offspring as a result of sexual or a sexual reproduction
40
horizontal inheritance
genes are transferred between individuals in the same generations prokaryotic can transfer genetic materical (plasmids) from one cell to another horizontally
41
natural selection
is the non-random increase in frequency of DNA sequences that increase survival and the non-random reduction in deleterious (harmful) sequences
42
what are the types of selections that can occur for a quantitative trait
stabilising selection directional selection disruptive selection
43
whats a quantitative trait
a quantitative trait is polygenic, it is controlled by many genes working together
44
species definition
is a group of organisms that are able to interbreed with one another to produce fertile offspring
45
speciation
is the formation of a new species bought about by evolution as a result of isolation, mutation and selection
46
what is allopatric speciation
population becomes separate by a geographical barrier
47
what is a sympatric speciation
when 2 populations live in the same environment but become isolation due to behavioural or ecological barriers
48
genomic sequencing
is the sequence of nucleotide bases can be determined for an individual and entire genomes
49
bioinformatics
are computer programs that can be used to identify base sequences by looking for a sequences and similar to known genes
50
phylogenetics
is the study of evolutionary history and relationships
51
molecular clocks
molecular clocks are used to show when species diverged during evolution
52
what are the three domains of life
bacteria archaea eukaryotes (fungi plants n animals)
53
pharmacogenetics
is the use of genome information in the choice of drugs it could lead to personalised medication
54
suggest how a change in the sequence of bases in DNA transcribed to rRNA in the mutated cultures resulted in a decrease in protein synthesis.
Change in the sequence may change the structure/function/shape of the ribosome Translation can no longer occur
55
A molecular clock was used to estimate the dates of the divergence of each species. Give one example of the type of data required to generate a molecular clock.
-mutation rate -dna sequence data -fossils
56
species
is a group of organism that can produce off spring
57
58
when comparing genomic sequence data, bioinformatics is the use of
computer analysis, and statistical anaylsis

biology higher (6 decks)

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