Topic 1

Question 1

What is Human geography characterised for

Answer 1

Characterised by its focus on the study of human societies and their intricate relationship with the geographical environment that surrounds them

Question 2

Population distribution:

Answer 2

How this distribution influences political, economic and social
dynamics. And how population density, migrations, growth rates and demographic
composition to understand how changes in population can affect national and international
levels.

Question 3

Culture and society:

Answer 3

Cultural and social differences influence interaction with the environment.
This includes the study of the customs, beliefs, traditions and social organisation of
communities in different parts of the world

Question 4

Economic development:

Answer 4

The location of resources, trade routes, infrastructure impact on the
economic development of regions and countries. As well as inequalities in this area give rise to
international conflicts and tensions.

Question 5

Human geography in international relations

Answer 5

In the context of International Relations, Human Geography plays a
crucial role in analysing how geographical dynamics influence conflicts, cooperation and
alliances between nations. Human geographers can address issues such as borders, shared
resources, international migration and geopolitical security.

Question 6

Geographical aspects of population and its impact on International Relations.

Answer 6

Geographic aspects of population are central to
understanding how demographic dynamics affect
International Relations.
Studying distribution, density, migration and other
factors offers critical insight into how states interact on
the global stage and how they address political,
economic and security issues

Question 7

Demographic Power:

Answer 7

Countries with large population concentrations, such as China
and India, often wield greater political and economic influence on the international
stage due to their demographic sway. This can impact alliances, trade agreements,
and diplomatic negotiations. States with large populations frequently carry more
weight in international organizations and global negotiations.

Question 8

Urbanization:

Answer 8

Global cities like New York, Tokyo, and London are not only significant
in economic terms but also play a substantial role in diplomacy and international
negotiations.

Question 9

Population distribution is also related to
economic development:
* Pressure on Resources and Services:

Answer 9

Demographic growth in certain regions can
exert pressure on natural resources and
basic services. This pressure can lead to
internal conflicts or the pursuit of resources
on the international stage, affecting relations
between states

Question 10

Population Policies:

Answer 10

Some countries
implement population control policies, such
as China with its one-child policy. These
policies can influence trade and political
relations with other states.

Question 11

Resources and Food Security

Answer 11

The geographical distribution of the
population is also linked to the
management of natural resources and food
security.
States with high population density may
encounter challenges in ensuring an adequate
supply of food and basic resources for their
population. This can lead to the importation of
food and resources, influencing trade and
economic relations with other states.

Question 12

Influence on global cooperation in IR (SDG)

Answer 12

The
United Nations’ SDGs include goals related
to the population, such as maternal and
child health and family planning. Progress
toward these goals can be a factor in
international cooperation and development
assistance

Question 13

Global Health in IR:

Answer 13

The spread of communicable
diseases, such as pandemics, is linked to
population mobility. International
cooperation in public health is essential for
addressing these global threats.

Question 14

How does international migration alter the demographic composition of a country or a region?

Answer 14

When a large number of immigrants arrive in a specific area, it can significantly
change the age structure, population growth, and geographical distribution of
people. This, in turn, has implications for the politics and economy of the
receiving region.

Question 15

Economic challenges and opportunities of Migration (PROS AND CONS)

Answer 15

People often move in search of employment and
better economic conditions in other countries.
Regions that attract a large number of migrants
may experience an increase in the workforce,
which can drive economic growth.
On the other hand, migration can also pose
economic challenges, such as labor competition
and the need for additional resources to support
the immigrant population.

Question 16

International migration changes in cultural and social composition

Answer 16

Immigrants
bring their traditions, languages, and
cultural practices to receiving communities,
which can enrich cultural and social life.
However, it can also lead to tensions and
challenges related to integration, tolerance,
and diversity.

Question 17

Cultutal diversity in migration and its impacts

Answer 17

This can impact integration policies,
intercultural relations, and the perception
of national identity, which, in turn, can
influence foreign relations.

Question 18

Impact of migration in politics and diplomacy

Answer 18

nternational migration can be a significant
issue in bilateral and multilateral relations
between countries. Agreements on migration,
asylum, and refugees often form part of
diplomatic negotiations. Additionally, how a
country manages immigration can influence its
relations with other states, especially in
matters related to security and human rights

Question 19

what do you know about International migration link to humanitarian challenges such as refugee crisis ?

Answer 19

Massive flows of refugees can impact regional stability and
have an effect on relations between states. The response to these crises may
require international cooperation and humanitarian assistance.

Question 20

Relationship between human beings and the natural environment in IR

Answer 20

A simple model of the nature-society relation is that nature, through its grand
force and subtle expressions, limits or shapes society. This model is known as
environmental determinism.

• A second model posits that society also shapes and controls nature, largely
  through technology and social institutions. This second model emphasizes the
  complexity of nature-society interactions. We explore the relationship between
  people, nature, and technology to understand how humans have shaped the
  natural world and what those human impacts mean far Earth’s future.

Question 21

Most notable manifestation (Environment)

Answer 21

in 1992, when 100 world
leaders and 30,000 participants attended the Second Earth Summit in
Rio de Janeiro (the first was in Stockholm in 1972).

Question 22

Central focus of Earth summit

Answer 22

To ensure a
sustainable future for Earth by establishing
treaties on global environmental issues,
such as climate change and biodiversity,
by raising public awareness of the need to
integrate environment and development.

Question 23

Earth summit Central aim in 2002

Answer 23

To assemble leaders
from government, business, and NGOs to
agree on a range of measures toward
achieving sustainable development at the
national, regional, and international levels (United nations)

Question 24

RIO+20 aim?

Answer 24

Focused on two specific topics: a green economy in the context of poverty
eradication and sustainable development, and an institutional framework for sustainable
development.
* The main outcome of Rio+20 was a nonbinding document, “The Future We Want,” in which the
heads of state of the 192 governments attending the conference renewed their political
commitment. They also declared their commitment to the promotion of a sustainable future by
reaffirming previous action plans.

Question 25

Definition of Nature

Answer 25

Social creation where the physical universe and human beings is included. This idea is a product of its time and needs. It is not just an object, but a reflection of society insofar as its philosophy, belief systems and ideologies shape how we think about and use nature.

Question 26

Definition of Society

Answer 26

It is the sum of inventions, institutions and relationships created and reproduced by human beings in particular places and times. The relationship between society and nature is often mediated by technology. Knowledge, tools, arts, techniques and socio-cultural context are components of technology

Question 27

Technologies affect the environment in 3 ways, through:

Answer 27

* the harvesting of resources. * the emission of wastes in the manufacture of goods and services. * the emission of waste in the consumption of goods and services

Question 28

Key drivers of social and economic progress:

Answer 28

the increase in human beings, levels of wealth and technological capacity

Question 29

What is cultural ecology

Answer 29

The study of how society has adapted to environmental challenges through technologies such as irrigation, terracing and the organization of people to build and maintain them (rice terraces in Southeast Asia). Other more recent adaptations include the use of biotechnology or agricultural chemicals to increase production and new drugs to tackle diseases.

Question 30

What is the Anthropocene

Answer 30

Marks the current geological era in Earth's history in which the scope of human activities, from agriculture to industrialization and urbanization, have had far- reaching effects on Earth's ecosystems

Question 31

What did European colonial expansion introduced ?

Answer 31

new forms of agriculture, industry and accelerated the development of cities across the planet. And global climate change is a manifestation of the cumulative effects of human resource exploitation on the Earth's atmosphere today.

Question 31

Fusion of political Economy and Cultural ecology?:

Answer 31

POLITICAL ECOLOGY = stresses that human-environment relations can only be understood by relating patterns of resource use to political and economic forces, as the practice of capitalist economies leads to environmental degradation

Question 32

Global change in the Anthropocene

Answer 32

1) Population Growth in Europe, the graph shows that the drop between 1300 and 1500 is partly explained by the bubonic plage epidemic and food shortages.

Question 33

Disease and depopulation in the Spanish colonies

Answer 33

New World populations, isolated for millennia from the Old World, possessed immune systems that had never encountered some of the most common European diseases. Virgin soil epidemics - in which the population at risk has no natural immunity or previous exposure to the disease within the lifetime of the oldest member of the group - were common in the so- called Columbian Exchange.

Question 34

Ecological imperialism

Answer 34

The introduction of exotic plants and animals into new ecosystems. Spanish introduces wheat and sugarcane, horses, cattle and pigs.

Question 35

How do we know climate is changing:

Answer 35

- The climate crisis has increased the global average temperature (predicted to be 2.7 degrees Celsius by 2100). This increase in temperatures may increase mortality - Rising temperatures will change the geographical distribution of climate zones: this will affect the distribution and abundance of plant and animal species. - High temperatures increase water evaporation, - Although extreme low temperatures (cold snaps and frosts) may be less frequent in Europe, global warming makes events more unpredictable - marine environment

Question 36

Causes and consequences of theses global climate changes

Answer 36

It varies depending in where you live, or example, the industrial countries have higher carbon dioxide emissions. Increased carbon dioxide emissions are contributing to rising temperatures through the trapping of heat in Earth's atmosphere

Question 37

Most important technological advance of the industrial revolution?

Answer 37

Discovery and use of Fossil fuels: Coal, oil and Natural Gas

Question 37

Alternative to fossil fuel energy

Answer 37

Hydroelectric power

Question 37

Negative impacts because of dam constnruction

Answer 37

Changes in water flows, evaporation, transport sediment, mineral quality, soil moisture etc.

Question 38

Reasons why hydropower remains attractive on the periphery

Answer 38

Because it produces fewer air pollutants than fossil fuels. Yet they are responsible for the increasingly acidic quality of the Earth's atmosphere.

Question 39

Globalization consequences

Answer 39

- Burning of fossil fuels -Destruction of forest resources - Damming of watercourses - Massive change in land-use patterns brought about by the pressures of globalization.

Question 39

Why has there been a growth of environmental organization

Answer 39

These organizations have emerged in response to the global impact of such contemporary environmental problems as fisheries depletion, global warming, genetically modified seeds, and the decline in global biodiversity. * Since the 1990s, these groups -ranging from lobbying organizations and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to direct-

Question 39

Future geo

Answer 39

Unless peripheral countries are able to limit the degradation associated with energy use, the globe will continue to feel the negative public health and environmental effects of air, water, and terrestrial pollution. * Despite the threat to people and the environment, industrialization geared to meeting the growing worldwide market far consumer goods, such as automóviles, air conditiones, refrigerators, televisions, and hosehold appliances, Will continue