Topic 1 Flashcards
(39 cards)
What is heart failure classified as?
A syndrome all about cardiac output
A syndrome is a group of symptoms which consistently occur together or a condition characterized by a set of associated symptoms.
What happens to cardiac output at low and very high filling pressures?
Cardiac output declines
Cardiac output increases with increasing filling pressure to a certain point.
What is the definition of diagnosis?
The art or act of identifying a disease from its signs and symptoms.
What can cause heart failure?
- arrhythmia
- valvular disease
- pericardial disease
- congenital
- ischamiea
- myocarditis
- cardiomyopathies
- high output heart failure
- right heart failure
- volume overload
- hypertensive emergency
Arrythmias can be categorized as bradyarrhythmias (slow) or tachyarrhythmias (fast).
List two types of valvular diseases associated with heart failure.
- Stenosis
- Insufficiency
What are the two types of ejection fraction in heart failure?
- Preserved Ejection Fraction
- Reduced Ejection Fraction
What are 7 factors that lead to acute decompensated heart failure
- MI
- Arrythmias
- worsening hypertension
- mal adherence to medication
- thyroid abnormalities
- pregnancy
- worsening mitral or tricuspid regurgitation
What does ‘orthopnea’ refer to?
Shortness of breath when lying down.
What is ‘paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea’ (PND)?
Sudden, severe shortness of breath that awakens someone from sleep.
What is a common symptom of congestive heart failure?
Dysnpea
Other symptoms include orthopnea, PND, cough, and wheezing.
What does elevated jugular venous pressure indicate?
Increased blood volume or pressure in the right side of the heart.
Which diagnostic test can measure ejection fraction in heart failure?
Echocardiogram
What is the purpose of measuring Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)?
To assess the extent of congestive heart failure.
True or False: Atrial fibrillation is both a cause and a consequence of heart failure.
True
What percentage of patients with advanced heart failure experience sustained ventricular tachycardia?
Up to 10%
List three complications of heart failure.
- Premature death due to pump failure
- Malignant ventricular arrhythmias
- Thromboembolic events
What is a common symptom associated with low perfusion in heart failure?
Fatigue
Fill in the blank: Symptoms of heart failure can include _______.
[dysnpea, orthopnea, PND, cough, wheezing, lower extremity edema, abdominal pain]
What does an ECG characteristic indicate in heart failure?
Myocardial ischemia or infarction
What can a cardiac MRI assess in heart failure patients?
Ventricular volume and ejection fraction
What laboratory test assesses for anemia in heart failure?
Complete blood count (CBC)
What is the risk of stroke in patients with severe heart failure?
4%
This is compared to less than 0.5% without heart failure.
What can exacerbate heart failure due to dietary issues?
Dietary indiscretion
What is the significance of a low voltage QRS complex on an ECG?
It may indicate heart failure.
