Topic 1 Flashcards
(37 cards)
How does oxygenated blood enter the kidneys?
Oxygenated blood flows out of the aorta to the renal artery and enters the kidneys
How does deoxygenated blood leave the kidneys?
The renal vein
Give an example of a mass transport system
Circulatory System
Vascular System (Plants)
What is the difference between adhesive and cohesive?
Cohesion refers to the attraction of water molecules to each other, while adhesion refers to the attraction of water molecules to other substances.
Name some properties of water
Metabolic importance
High heat capacity
High heat of vaporization
Cohesive properties
Adhesive properties
Useful as a solvent
The oxygen molecules in water are slightly negatively charged and the hydrogen molecules are slightly positively. This makes water a _____ molecule?
Polar
What is pressure filtration?
The movement of substances from capillaries into tissue fluid.
The fluid in capillaries flowing down the pressure gradient into the surrounding space.
Fluid that has moved out of the capillaries creates the tissue fluid.
Substances in the tissue fluid can now diffuse or be transported into cells.
What is the purpose of blood clotting?
Prevents blood loss when blood vessel is damaged
Prevents the entry of disease causing microorganisms and provides a framework for repair
What is atherosclerosis?
The hardening of arteries caused by the build up of of fibrous plaque called an atheroma
This could lead to CVD
What factors could increase the likelihood of atherosclerosis?
High cholesterol/ smoking/ high blood pressure
Describe the formation of an atheroma
Endothelium wall damaged
Increased risk of blood clotting
Inflammatory response (WBCs move into artery)
Overtime WBCs, cholesterol, calcium ions, fibres build up and harden
Plaque (atheroma) build up
Narrowing of artery
Restricts blood flow
Increased blood pressure
Describe the process of blood clots
Blood vessel damaged
Platelets attach to exposed to exposed collagen fibres
Thromboplastin is released from platelets
Triggers the conversion of inactive prothrombin into active thrombin enzyme (in the presence of clotting factors vitamin K and Ca ions)
Thrombin catalyses the conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
Fibrin forms a network of fibres
Platelets and RBCs are trapped to form a blood clot
What is thromboplastin
A protein complex that plays a critical role in initiating the blood clotting process
Released from platelets
Triggers the conversion of inactive prothrombin into active thrombin enzyme
What is an Thrombin?
An enzyme
Active version of prothrombin
Thrombin catalyses the conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
What are clotting factors?
Vitamin K and Calcium ions that must be present for the conversion of inactive prothrombin into active thrombin
What could atherosclerosis lead to?
CVD
Aneurysm
Thrombosis
What is an aneurysm?
atheromas damage the artery walls and increase blood pressure
Increased blood pressure can cause the elastic fibres in the artery wall to swell.
An aneurysm is a bulge in the wall of an artery. Aneurysms form when there’s a weak area in the artery wall. Untreated aneurysms can burst open, leading to internal bleeding.
What is thrombosis?
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, which can obstruct the flow of blood.
Atheromas can damage the artery walls, causing them to burst open.
Platelets are transported in the bloodstream to form a clot at the site.
The platelets accumulate and form a clot called a thrombus.
How does smoking effect blood pressure?
Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of high blood pressure.
Carbon monoxide found in cigarettes reduces the amount of oxygen that can be carried by haemoglobin in the blood.
Name 4 treatments of CVD.
Statins
Anticoagulants
Platelet inhibitors
Antihypertensives
What are statins?
Statins are a drug that lower LDL cholesterol levels in the blood.
Statins are administered in a tablet that has to be taken everyday.
Lowering LDL cholesterol levels decreases the risk of CVD.
Taking statins have mild side effects; headaches, feelings of sickness.
What are anticoagulants?
Anticoagulants can be used to lower the risk of blood clots forming.
Reducing blood clotting lowers the risk posed by atheromas.
Side effects; nose bleeds, severe bruising
What are Platelet inhibitors?
Platelet inhibitors work by preventing platelets form sticking together at the site of damage, and so preventing a blood clot forming.
Side effects; nausea, excessive bleeding
What are antihypertensives
Used to reduce hypertension (high blood pressure)
E.g beta blocker
Mild side effects; headaches
