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AS Level Am History > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the US constitution do

A

> sets out the structure of the government including roles of diff branches
sets out the role of state govs.
sets out the rights of individuals

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2
Q

what is the US constitution

A

> sovereign document
written in 1787
creates federal system of government and the separation of powers

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3
Q

What is federalism

A

> federal system of government
power divided between central gov. and state gov.
state gov. can make its own laws and rights but as to give up some of their powers to central gov.

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4
Q

how many states were there in 1890

A

44

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5
Q

what are the three different branches of the federal government

A

Executive- policy making and president
Legislature- framing and passing laws- congress
Judiciary- courts and judges and Supreme court

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6
Q

outline the Executive

A

> veto laws passed by congress
make federal appointments e.g. Secretary of State
Commander in Chief of Army
takes key foreign policy decisions, e.g. treaties, with backing of senate
initiate legislative programmes aimed at domestic affairs

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7
Q

Presidents 1890-1945

A

> chosen every 4 years
by electoral college at fixed term elections
no constitutional limit
3 died-> replaced by v-ps
wars, economic problems, social division and inequality

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8
Q

Outline the Legislature

A

> congress is bicameral legislature of USA -> Senate and House of Reps.
Senate- 100 members elected every 6 yrs
HofR -> 435 members elected every 2 years
override president with 2/3 majority
impeach president if needed

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9
Q

Outline the Judiciary

A

> Supreme Court
Senior Judges (9) elected by president
strike laws if they feel they go against constitution.

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10
Q

Outline the two political parties in USA

A

Republicans
> Big Business
> Laissez-faire
> North support

Democrats
> Gov. intervention for less well off
> less urbanized south

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11
Q

Outline the parties economic policies

A

Republicans
>Gold Standard -> BB, rich farmers and urban workers liked
> Laissez- faire (e.g. tax) and high tarriffs
> BB gave $3.5 mill to Mckinley

Democrats
> free coinage of silver -> poor farmers and rural areas
> lower tarriffs = cheaper goods

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12
Q

Outline the parties foreign policies

A

Republicans
> expansionist as believed it would bring economic benefits

Democrats
> anti-imperialist policy (won in 1916 as anti-war stance)

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13
Q

outline electioneering

A

> campaigne and fundraising during election
Mark Hanna- focused on marginal districts (sent 1500 speakers), spent $10,000 ow money on Mck. sent letters (250m. pieces of literature), raised $16m. attacked byran ‘front porch’ campaigne.

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14
Q

Outline candidate profiles and the electoral college

A

> Mck. and Roosevelt war heros

> backing from North meant more votes for Rep.
Mck. NY highest electoral college vote (36) and Pennsylvania (32)

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15
Q

outline Byrans tactics in 1896 election

A

> travelled 28,000km giving 600 speeches

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16
Q

why was the 1896 seen as the 1st election

A

> started ear of Rep. dominance
caused divide in democrat party
end of 3rd party movement (populist)
start of modern campaigning techniques

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17
Q

outline the mood and circumstances (pres. elections)

A

> big impact on election
Mck. for Cubans due to Spanish involvment
Wilsons idealism and anti-war
Hardings Normalcy

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18
Q

Before the civil war (1861-65) where did most immagrants come from

A

> GB, Ir, G+ Scandinavia

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19
Q

from 1880 where did most immigrants come from

A

> A-H, It + R

> 1890’s around 4m.

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20
Q

what was the economic impact of immigration

A

> provided entrepreneurs e.g Carnegie (Scotland) and J. Pulitzer (Hungary)
cheap labour
poor education and little money = exploited, low wages and poor condition + boss and padrone systems
broke strikes e.g. Pennsylvania- Slavic miners brought in
accused of taking jobs - C-It employed in subway systems

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21
Q

what was the political impact of immigration

A

> APA, KKK, Immagration Restriction League
Tammany Hall- political org. help seek accomadation and work in return for Democrat vote. Richard Croker boss - secured Robert Van Dyke as mayor of NY.
accused of having extremist views- Emma Goldberg seen as anarchist

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22
Q

What was the social impact of immigration

A

> overcrowded slums
Temperance movments blamed them for alcohol
high crime
Gangs
1891 Immigration Act tried to prevent diease but TB and Cholera outbreaks were frequent.
brought diversity of culture and religion

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23
Q

how many people moved to Am. 1866-1915

A

25m.

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24
Q

how many imm. in 1882

A

789,000
> 50+% GB and G
> 32,000 It
> 17,000 R

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25
how many imm. in 1907
Peak year 1.7m. > 11x more It + R > less 1/2 GB and F
26
by how much did NY pop. increase
1860- 806,000 | 1900- 3.5m.
27
how many Jews were there in NY
> 1870- 80,000 | > 1915- 1.5m
28
what were the push factors for immigration
> persecution > lack of opp. @ home -> fruit market in It collapse and currant market in Greece >disease > military service
29
pull factors for immigration
> economic opp. -> gold rush, land > jobs > American dream > pre-paid passage -> 1901 40-60% travell paid by employers
30
Why was the rise of BB and its impact on the economy aided by raw materials and infrastructure
> abundance of raw materials > agricultural land provided food needed to sustain pop. and sell overseas > discovery of oilfields e.g. Spindletop in Texas 1901 and anthracite coalfields in Pennsylvania crucial to expansion and mass production of steel > increase of railroads under Vanderbilt created transport and new markets
31
how did the production of coal and iron ore increase
1890- 1913 > coal increased by 375m.t >Iron ore - 22m.t
32
Why was the rise of BB and its impact on the economy aided by innovations
> Bessemer process (Carnagie) alowed for production of cheaper steel > electricity allowed Edison and Telsa to invent > Mass production - H.Ford 1895 4 cars/ 1917 5m.
33
who were the leading industrialists in Am.
> Ford- cars > carnegie- steel > Rockerfella- oil > J.P. Morgan- banking
34
Why was the rise of BB and its impact on the economy aided by attitudes of the federal government
> laissez faire economics > stopped unfair monopolies > unions struggled to grow > high tarriffs - stopped foreign competition e.g. Dingley Tarriffs 1897 highest ever.
35
Why was the rise of BB and its impact on the economy aided by mass immigration and the weakness of unions
> cheap workforce > John Mitchells United Min Workers- some success but events such as Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 1911 higlighted conditions more > Homesteadsteel 1892 strike and Pullman Strike 1894 faced with state sactioned violence so union struggled
36
Why did BB rise
``` > raw materials and infrastructure > innovations > entreprenuers > attitude of Gov. > Immagration and unions ```
37
what was the BB growths impact on society
> anti-trust movments > economic boom > more jobs > Labour Unions e.g Knights of Labour (anti-capitalist) bacame part of American Federation of Labour who organised strikes, insisted on shared wealth and irritated employers
38
What is Progressivism
``` > broad diverse movment > emerged 1880-1890's > response to rapid change and inequalities > aimed at ordinary people > used muckraking ```
39
What did progressivism aim to do
``` > ban alcohol > reduce power of BB > improve public health and food standards > reduce crime > enfranchise women > improved working + living conditions > protect environment ```
40
which 3 presidents were progressive
roosevelt, taft and wilson
41
Roosevelts progressive acts
1901- used 1891 Forest Reserve Act to protect 150 million acres 1902- increase 10% pay and 9 hour day 1902- used sherman act to dissolve Morgans railroad company Northern Securities 1903- est. Pelican Island as 1st national wildlife reserve 1906- pure food and drugs act 1906- meat inspection act
42
Tafts progressive acts
1909-13 90 anti-trust suits brought under Taft inc. US Steel 1910- El Dorado National Forest California 1910- General Withdrawal Act 8.5 million acres in Alaska taken to prevent companies buying it 1912- federal Childrens Bureau clamp child abuse
43
Wilsons progressive acts
1914- Clayton Ant-Trust Act passed to combat monopolies 1916- Federal Farm Loan Act- cheaper mortgages to famers 1916- Adamson Act - 8 hour day at same pay for railroad workers 1919- 19th ammendment- womens vote
44
When was the Spanish American war
1898-1902
45
why did Am go to War with Spain
``` > yellow press > public opinion > war hawks > USS Maine > De Lome letter ```
46
Yellow Press
> W.Hearst and Pulitzer > sensationalised spanish atrocities e.g. Butcher Weyler, USS maine and De Lome letter > Cubans attacking plantations 1895 > changed Public opinion
47
Public opinion SpAm
> Butcher Weyler- against human rights, made spanish 'evil' and cruel > influenced by Yellow Press > conc. camps in cuba
48
War Hawks SpAm
. investments in Sugar and Tabacco | > favoured war on the grounds that it would better the economy
49
USS Maine
> Feb 1898 > 260 died > Havanna > physical act against America
50
De Lome letter
leaked letter from Spanish Ambassador De Lome calling Mck. 'weak' > covered in New York Journal
51
when do America declare war on spain
25th April 1898 | > after sending message on 21st telling Spain they had 3 days to leave
52
consequences of SpAm
> Treaty of Paris- 1901- Am gained Guam, Puerto Rico, Guantanamo Bay, Phillipines and Hawaii > 360 died in battle, 5000 to disease > cost $5bn. > Foothold in China > expansionism > Platt Amendment - US had a degree of power in Cuba, could keep soldiers there for 4 years > 75% cuban imports american and 80% cuban exports american
53
Platt Amendment
1901 > Am. had degree of control in Cuba > Am. could keep soldiers in Cuba for 4 years > Cuba couldnt sign treaty without Am. consult >Guantanamo Bay -> Am.
54
Open Door Policy
1899-1900 > John Hay > Aimed to keep China free of colonial control and preserve FT. > Am. doesnt want to be frozen out > collection of notes no country opposed > offical policy to East
55
Boxer Rebellion
1900 > Nationalist tried to drive foreign devils out China > seiged embassys in Bejing > US involved, put down reballion and gain foothold in China
56
What were the economic influences on US foreign policy 1890-1920
> Mahan 1890 said naval expansion needed to go alongside economic. -> pacific policy > cuban imports and exports > monroe doctrine 1823 -> Am. can act within Americas Sphere of influence
57
What were the presidential influences on US foreign policy 1890-1920
> Mck. active fp. -> Cuba and Boxer Rebellion > TR- prestige and security -> Panama Canal, Platt Amendment and Roosevelt Corollary to the MD. > Taft- dollar diplomacy (dollars instead of troops), negotiated with Japan recognising its primacy in Manchuria and it left Phillipines. sent troops to Nicaragua
58
What were the imperialistic and anti-imerialistic influences on US foreign policy 1890-1920
> 1898- Puerto Rico, Guam , Phillipines and Hawaii > Platt amendment > SpAm > Anti- Imperialist League (Carnegie) put pressure on Gov. to avoid hostilities abroad
59
Hay- Pauncefort Agreement
1901 > GB gave up treaty rights to joint participation in any cenrtal Am. canal projects. > GB/Am. relationship start
60
what did TR mean by big stick politics
that Am. would speak softly and carry a big stick
61
The Panama Canal
TR > bought New Panama Canal Company for $40m. > TR ushered uprising in Panama so Am could intervene. > paid columbia $25m in 1922 cleared swamps of malaria and yellow fever, >cleaned 240 cubic yards of earth > opened 1914
62
Roosevelt Corollary
to the MD that implied Am. could interfere in the Americas where it felt its own interests were at stake -> unrestricted right to regulate Carribean affairs
63
Tafts Dollar Diplomacy results
> United Fruits comapny owned 16,000 acres in CA | > investments in sugar plantations increased by x4
64
TR as a negotiator
> OD policy | > Hay Pauncefort agreement
65
TR as agressor
> SpAm - rough rider, kettle hill > Platt Ammendment > Panama Canal > Roosevelt Corollary
66
What 3 areas can Wilsons fp be split into
Europe | Americas and Caribbean
67
Wilsons Fp; Americas and Caribbean
> Mexico > Madero -> Diaz -> Huerta -> Carranza > Wilson supports Carranza as he calls Huerta murderer. >Carranza Constitutional Movement -> dont want Am. intervention -> said they would use force against Am. but buys arms from Am. > USA isolate Huerta diplomatically -> GB support Huerta -> USA persude GB not to > Am. deploy troops in VeraCruz 19 Ams die. > Huerta regime collapses > Pancho Villa wanted to overthrow Heurto, series of raids -> 30 Am. killed. 1916- General Pershing took 6,000 Am. to kill Villa > Carranza create anti-American feel
68
Why did Am. intervene in Mexico
> wilsons fp > Am. policies > trade
69
wilsons fp; South East Asia and the Pacific
> Jones Act 1916- gave filipinos more autonomy > OD policy >Lansing-Ishii agreement 1917- US understanding with japans interest in manchuria, mongolia and shandong
70
Why didnt Am join the war in 1914
``` >Isolationism >boom from double trading >not prepared > anti war feeling > no actions against Am. ```
71
Why did Am. join the war in 1917
``` > Unrestricted submarine warfare > Lusitania > loans > Wilsons ideals post war > Zimmerman Telegram ```
72
Am. contribution to WW1
3.5m. drafted 1.5 volunteered > Sep. 1917 Meuse- Argonne, US offensive put generaled allies offensive lasted 47 days 109,00 died
73
Why did Am. not join LofN or sign TofV
1 wilson was stubborn-> no rep. to Paris, wont listen 2 influential opposition to wilson -> rep. + irreconcilibles 3 support of people -> red scare, women liberated, prohibition 4 WW1 -> people didnt care, 109,000 died
74
TofV
- france cripple Germany - GB public squeeze until pip comes out, government want moderate peace - wilson doesnt bring republicans - signed 28th june 191, hall of mirrors not accepted by congress
75
what were the political opposition to the TofV
> republicans | > Irreconcilibles
76
outline the republicans as an opposition to the TofV
Senator Henry Cabbot Lodge | > against collective security as congress would not be needed to declare war
77
outline the irreconcilibles as an opposition to the TofV
Robert La Follette | isolationist, against Am. participation in european affairs
78
what was prohibition
banning of production, exportion, importion, transportation and sale of alcohol > 18th ammendment > volstead Act
79
Why was prohibition passed
> campaigne groups -> WUCT AntiSaloon League > Industrialists -> Rockerfella and Ford > anti-immagrant feeling -> drinking culture > individual states banned alcohol -> 1912-50% >WW1-> waist of grain, anti-german as brewers tended to be german -> adolphus Busch and 'kaiser brew' . unpatriotic
80
how was prohibition ran
Krammer was 1st prohibition commisioner | 15,000 prohibition agents (3000 @ end)
81
what was the effect of prohibition
> corruption from agents > coca-cola outut increased -> 1890-17.4m. 1933- 182m. > illegal alcohol production -moonshine and speakeasys > arrest for drunkeness x3 >death from alcohol increased 600% >gangs

AS Level Am History (4 decks)

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