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AS Biology > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Lost in order the substances in the clotting cascade

A 
Thromboplastin 
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrogen soluble
Fibrin insoluble 
Mesh of fibrin
Clot
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2
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

A disease process that leads to CHD and stroke

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3
Q

Where does atherosclerosis occur and why?

A

Only in arteries because the blood is fast flowing so a higher chance of damage to the walls

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4
Q

What are the 3 stages in the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Diastole

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5
Q

What happens in atrial systole

A

Syria contract forcing blood into ventricles

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6
Q

What happens in ventricular systole

A

Ventricles contract pushing blood up into the pulmonary arteries and aorta

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7
Q

What happens in diastole?

A

Elastic recoil as the heart relaxes causes low pressure in the heart, helping to refuel the chambers with blood from the veins

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8
Q

What is CHD and what does it result in

A

Coronary heart disease
Narrowing of the coronary arteries, limiting the amount of oxygen right blood reaching the heart
Results in a Angina

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9
Q

How can CHD cause a heart attack

A

If a fatty plaque in the CA ruptured collagen is exposed
A clot forms and the blood supply may be blocked
Heart becomes ischaemic
If muscle cells starve for long enough, permanent damage and heart attack occurs

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10
Q

What does ischaemic mean

A

Without blood

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11
Q

How does a stroke occur amd what happens

A

When a blood clot blocks an artery to the brain

If brain is starved for more than a few minutes then it’s fatal and permanent damage

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12
Q

How does aneurysm form

A

Part of an artery has narrowed and becomes less flexible, blood can build up behind it
Artery bulges as it fills with blood and aneurysm forms
Bulge enlarged and walls of aorta are stretched thin, rupture around 6-7 in diamter

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13
Q

6 things that make you overestimate risk

A 
Involuntary 
Not natural
Unfamiliar
Dreaded
Unfair
Very small
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14
Q

5 risk factors affecting health

A 
Age
Heredity 
Physical environment 
Social environment
Lifestyle choices
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15
Q

What’s a correlation

A

Between 2 variables

When a change in one variable is accompanied by a change in the other

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16
Q

What is causation

A

When the change in one variable causes the change in the other, usually causally linked

17
Q

What is a cohort study

A

Study which follows a large group of people over time to see who develops the disease and who does not

2 types

18
Q

Case control studies

A

Group of people with a disease (cases) are compared with a group of people who do not (control) by collected data about their risk factors

19
Q

7 risk factors for CVD

A 
Obesity
High blood pressure
Gender
Inactivity 
Genetic inheritance
Age
Smoking
20
Q

How to calculate BMI

A

Body mass in KG

Height squared in M2

21
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

Non insulin dependent diabetes

22
Q

How does obesity increase risk of type 2

A

Frequent consumption of sugar rich foods, continually high blood glucose level
Reduces sensitivity of cells to insulin
Diabetes

23
Q

What are anticoagulant and playlet inhibitory drugs used for

A

To reduce tendency for platlet aggregation

Mostly used when someone is allergic to asprin

24
Q

What is clopidogrel and what does it do

What’s a risk

A

It’s a platlet inhibitory drug
Dramatic effect when combined with asprin

Risk of bleeding in gastrointestinal tract

25
Q

What’s warfarin

How does it work

A

Anticoagulant

Interest with vitamin K production thus affecting the synthesis of clotting factors

26
Q

What’s a haemorrhagic stroke

A

When a blood vessels supplying blood the brain burts

27
Q

2 ways on lowering cholesterol levels

A

Low fat diet

Cholesterol lowering drugs - statins

28
Q

What are statins and how do they work

A

Cholesterol lowering drugs

Inhibit am enzyme involved in the production of LDL cholesterol by the liver

29
Q

5 things in a diet to reduce risk of CVD

A 
Energy balanced
Reduced sat fat
More polyunsaturated fat
Reduced cholesterol 
Reduced salt
30
Q

3 drugs used to control blood pressure

A

ACE inhibitors
Calcium channel Blockers
Diuretics

31
Q

How ACE inhibitors work simple

A

Covert the enzyme angiotensin, reduces vasoconstriction and lowers BP

32
Q

How ACE inhibitors work complex

What is it

A

Anti hypertensive drug which reduces the synthesis of angiotensin

This hormone causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels to control BP

Inhibitors prevent the hormone being produce from angiotensin 1

Reducing vasoconstriction and BP

33
Q

How calcium channel blockers work

A

Block calcium channels in the muscle cells in arteries

Muscles need calcium to pass through cells to contract

Failure of calcium entering the cells prevents contraction of muscles and blood vessels do not construct

Lowers BP

34
Q

How diuretics work

A

Increase volume of urine produced by kidney

Rod body of excess fluid and salt

Leads to a decrease in blood plasma volume and cardiac output

Lowers BP

35
Q

What is the Apoliprotein gene cluster

A

Several genes that can affect your likelihood of developing CVD and CHD

36
Q

Effects of carbon monoxide in smoking

A

It binds to haemoglobin instead of oxygen
Reduces supply of oxygen to cells
Increase heart rate

37
Q

Effect of nicotine

A

Stimulates production of hormone adrenaline

This causes increases heart rate and constricts arteries

Both raise BP

38
Q

Effect of chemicals in smoking

A

Damage the lining of arteries triggering atherosclerosis

AS Biology (2 decks)

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