Topic 1-Applied anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
what is the function of the skeleton?
A
protection
muscle attachment
joints for movement
red blood cell reproduction
2
Q
what are the four types of bones and what are they for?
A
long bones (leverage) short bones (weight bearing) flat bones (protection or muscle attachment) irregular bones (protection and muscle attachment)
3
Q
what are the five regions of the vertebral column? top to bottom
A
cervical thoracic lumbar sacrum coccyx
4
Q
what are the four types of joints?
A
pivot (neck)
ball and socket (elbow)
condyloid (wrist)
pivot (knee)
5
Q
what is dorsiflexion?
A
pointing foot upward/forward
6
Q
what is plantarflexion
A
when the foot is pointing toward the floor
7
Q
what is extension?
A
when the joint is straightened
8
Q
what is flexion?
A
decreasing the inner angle of the joint
9
Q
what is adduction?
A
movement toward the mid line of the body
10
Q
what is abduction?
A
movement away from the midline of the body
11
Q
what are tendons?
A
connect bone to muscle
12
Q
what are ligaments?
A
connect bone to bone
13
Q
how are ligaments relevant to a sports person?
A
helps keep joints stable
prevent unwanted movement that might cause injury
14
Q
how are tendons relevant to a sportsperson?
A
when the muscle contracts the muscle can pull on the bone and cause movement at joints
15
Q
what are the three muscle types?
A
cardiac
voluntary
involuntary
16
Q
characteristics of cardiac muscle
A
forms the hearts
unconsciously controlled
pump blood around the body
17
Q
characteristics of voluntary muscle
A
skeletal muscles that attach via tendons
allow movement
conscious control
18
Q
characteristics of involuntary muscle
A
found in blood vessels
contract slowly and rhythmically
helps regulate blood flow for vascular shunting
19
Q
define agonist
A
prime mover
20
Q
define antagonist
A
muscle that relaxes
21
Q
what are the characteristics of slow twitch type 1 fibre?
A
produce low force
slow speed of contraction
high endurance
don’t produce a lot of power
22
Q
what are the characteristics of fast twitch type 2a fibre?
A
high force
moderate speed of contraction
medium endurance
23
Q
what are the characteristics of fast twitch type 2X fibre?
A
very high force
fast contracting
fatigue quickly/low endurance
24
Q
function of blood in the cardiovascular system
A
transports gases
blood cells
and nutrients
25
function of blood of blood vessels?
structures that carry blood
26
function of the heart
circulates blood around the body
27
how does the cardio vascular system transport oxygen?
in the blood- transports oxygen to working muscles as it is needed in physical activity
28
how does the cardio vascular system transport carbon dioxide?
its produced as a by product during energy production
| takes carbon dioxide away from the working muscles to get rid of it
29
how does the cardio vascular system transport nutrients?
broken down from the food we eat and transported to the body in the blood
30
how does the cardio vascular system clot wounds?
platelets are transported in blood
| clot wounds by gathering at site and forming a plug to prevent blood loss
31
how does the cardio vascular system regulate body temperature?
blood vessels vasodialate to increase blood floe to capillaries so heat can radiate
vasoconstrict to decrease blood flow so heat isnt lost
32
where is the tricuspid vavle?
Right side between right atruim and ventricle
33
where is the biscuspid valve?
left side between left atrium and ventricle
34
where is the semi lunar valve?
bwteen ventricleds and the pulmonary artery and vein
35
what do valves do?
prevent back flow of blood
36
what is the function of the vena cava?
main vein brings deoxygenated blood back to heart so it can be pumped to the lungs to collect oxygen
37
what is the function of the aorta?
main artery
| carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to take oxygen to working muscles
38
what is the function of pulmonary artery?
receives deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to take to lungs to receive oxygen
39
what is the function pulmonary vein?
brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
40
what is the function of the right atrium?
receives deoxygenated blood from body via vena cave
41
what is the function of the left atrium?
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein
42
what is the function of the right ventricle?
receives deoxygeneated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve
43
what is the function of the left ventricle?
receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium
44
what is the function of the septum?
separates the left and right side of the heart and stops blood from mixing
45
what is the structure of the artery?
thick muscular wall
| small internal diameter
46
what are the functions of the arteries?
carry blood at high pressure away from the heart
mainly carries oxygenated blood
exception is pulmonary artery
47
what is the relevance of arteries during exercise?
blood pressure increases during exercise
increase blood flow as working muscles require more oxygen
artery walls contract and relax allowing more room for blood to get through
48
what is the structure of capillaries?
very thin walls
| small internal diameter
49
what is the function of capillaries?
link smaller arteries with smaller veins
| carry blood at very low pressure
50
what is the relevance of capillaries?
allow gaseous exchange
walls are very thin allowing gas and nutrients to pass through
gets oxygen to muscles and removes carbon dioxide
51
what is the structure of veins?
thin walls
| large diameter
52
what is the function of veins?
carry blood at low pressure
mainly carry deoxygenated blood
exception pulmonary veins
53
what is the relevance of veins?
carry deoxygenated blood from muscles
large diameter allows blood to pass through more easily
return blood to the heart
54
what is another term for blood shunting?
vascular shunting
55
what is plasma and what is its function?
liquid part of the blood that transports blood cells platelets and nutrients to different parts of the body
56
what are platelets and what are their function?
help prevent bleeding as they stick to eachother and wall of blood vessels
platelets flow in plasma and form plug to prevent blood loss
57
what is the function of red blood cells
carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
| diffused into bloodstream from alveoli
58
what is the function of white blood cells?
fight infection. travel in plasma
59
what are the four main components of the blood?
white blood cells
red blood cells
plasma
platelets
60
what are the percentage of gases in inhaled air
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
0.04% carbon dioxide
61
what is the percentage of gases in exhaled air
78% nitrogen
16% oxygen
4% carbon dioxide
62
what is tidal volume?
amount of air inhaled per breath
63
what is vital capacity?
maximum amount of air the lungs can expire after maximum amount they can inspire
64
how does increase tidal volume benefit a sports person?
inhale more oxygen to meet demands of working muscles
| exhale more carbon dioxide to get rid of waste products
65
what is the function of the lungs in the respiratory system?
allow movement of air in and out of the body
66
what is the function of the bronchi?
air travels to each lungs via bronchi
67
what is the function of the bronchioles?
smaller airways from the bronchi gets air to alveoli
68
what is the function of the alveoli?
tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place
69
what is the structure of the alveoli?
tiny air sacs
very thin walls
surrounded by capillaries
70
how does the structure of alveoli allow gaseous exchange?
thin walls allow oxygen to diffuse into cappilarries which then caryy oxyen around the body
71
what pressure does gas move from?
high to low
72
what happens to gas exchange during aerobic activity?
increase breathing rate so increase in gas exchange to meet demands of working muscles
73
what happens to gas exchange after anaerobic activity?
elevated breathing rate allowing greater gas exchange to aid recovery
74
what is the aerobic equation?
gucose+oxygen= carbon dioxide+heat+energy
75
what is the anaerobic equation?
glucose=lactic acid+energy
76
what is the energy source for aerobic activity?
fats
| carbs
77
what is the energy source for anaerobic activity?
carbs
78
what are the characteristics of fat?
require oxygen to break down
slow to break down
once broken give large quantities of energy
79
what are the characteristics of carbohydrates?
do not require oxygen to be broken down
don't give as much energy as fats
quicker to break down than fats
release more energy than fats
80
how is muscle fatigued caused (short term effect)
increased acidity in the cells as a result of reactions taking place to release energy
81
how is lactate accumulation caused? (short term effect)
occurs in muscle tissue and blood stream due to a lack of oxygen
82
how is muscle fatigue relevant to a performer?
increase in acidity in muscle cells interrupts normal processes of energy production
muscles have to reduce intensity they are working
so muscles can recover
83
what increases in your cardio vascular system when you exercise?
heart rate
stroke volume
blood pressure
cardiac output
84
how do you calculate cardiac output
heart rate X stroke volume
85
what increases in your respiratory system when you exercise?
depth of breathing
rate of breathing
gas exchange
tidal volume
86
how do the CVS and RS work together in regards to oxygen intake ?
as breathing depth and rate increases more air is drawn into body faster
87
How do CVS and RS work together in regards to transfer of blood to muscles ?
occurs more quickly and increase blood flow means more oxygen can be picked up from lungs and transported more quickly to working muscles
88
how do CVS and RS work together in regards to delivery of oxygen?
increased delivery to muscles from lungs
| also removal of co2 from muscles to the lungs
