Topic 1 - Atomic structure and the periodic table

Question 1

What did John Dalton discover about the atom

Answer 1

John Dalton said that atoms were solid spheres (billiard balls), and different spheres make up the different elements.

Question 2

What model did JJ.Thomson discover?

Answer 2

The plum pudding model

Question 3

What is the plum budding model?

Answer 3

The atom was a general ball of positive charge, with negatively charged particles within.

Question 4

What did Ernest Rutherford do?

Answer 4

He fired alpha particles at a sheet of gold, and discovered that the alpha particles were deflected to the side and even backwards instead of straight through.

Question 5

What did Ernest Rutherford discover?

Answer 5

The Rutherford Nuclear model.

Question 6

What was the Rutherford’s nuclear model?

Answer 6

A compact nucleus of positive charge, with a cloud of negative charge around it.

Question 7

What did Niels Bohr discover?

Answer 7

He discovered that electrons were orbiting the nucleus, and held in shells. This prevents the atom from collapsing.

Question 8

What did Rutherford discover later?

Answer 8

The nucleus had protons within it.

Question 9

What did James chadwick discover?

Answer 9

There are also neutrons in the nucleus.

Question 10

What is the timeline for the history of the atom?

Answer 10

1.Atomic theory
2.John Dalton (1800s)
3.J.J Thomson(1897)
4.Ernest Rutherford (1909)
5.Niels Bohr(1913)
6.Ernest Rutherford(>1913)
7.James Chadwick(>1913)

Question 11

What is an element?

Answer 11

1. An element is a substance made up of only 1 type of atom.

Question 12

What is an isotope?

Answer 12

Isotopes are different forms of the same element, which have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.

Question 13

What does filtration do?

Answer 13

Seperates insoluble solids from liquids.

Question 14

What 2 ways can be used to seperate a soluble solid from a solution?

Answer 14

1.Evaporation
2.Crystallisation

Question 14

What is distillation for?

Answer 14

Seperating liquid from a solution, as long as the substances have very different boiling points.

Question 15

What is fractional distillation used for?

Answer 15

To separate a mixture of liquids out.

Question 16

How was the periodic table ordered before?

Answer 16

In order of atomic weight, and properties of the elements were never taken into account.

Question 17

How did Mendeleev order the periodic table?

Answer 17

1. elements with similar properties were put in groups together
2. Ordered it by atomic mass
3. He left gaps in the table to make sure that the elements with similar properties stayed together
4. The gaps allowed us to predict what the properties of undiscovered elements were.

Question 18

What are the physical properties of metals?

Answer 18

1.Metals are stronger, but malleable
2.Metals are good conductors
3.Metals have higher boiling/melting points

Question 19

What are the physical properties of non-metals?

Answer 19

1.Dull
2.brittle
3.lower melting/boiling point
4.don’t generally conduct electricity
5.Often have lower density.

Question 20

What different properties do transition metals have against group 1 metals?

Answer 20

1.Transition metals are stronger, denser and harder
2.Transition metals make ions are of different colours
3.Transition metals make good catalysts
4.Transition metals have higher melting/boiling points

Question 21

What are the properties of group 0 elements?

Answer 21

1.monoatomic
2.colourles gases at room temp
3.non-flammable
4.inert

Question 22

What happens to the boiling point as you go down group 0

Answer 22

It increases due to the increase in the number of electrons, leading to greater intermolecular forces.

Question 23

Describe a group 1 metal reaction with chlorine

Answer 23

1. Reacts vigorously when heated in chlorine gas, to form metal chloride salts.
2. Reaction gets more vigorous the further down the group

Question 24

Describe the group 1 reaction with oxygen.

Answer 24

1. Forms metal oxide 2. Sodium can make sodium oxide/peroxide 3. Potassium can make potassium peroxide/superoxide.

Question 25

What colours are the group 7 elements?

Answer 25

1.Flourine is yellow gas 2.CHlorine is dense green gas 3.Bromine is dense red-brown volatile liquid 4.Iodine is a darke grey solid/purple vapour.

Question 26

What is the trend in group 7?

Answer 26

1.Less reactive down the group, as it is harder to gain an electron. 2. Higher melting and boiling points

Question 27

What is the radius of a nucleus?

Answer 27

1/10000 of the radius of an atom

Question 28

Describe the group 1 reaction with water

Answer 28

1.They creact vigorously to produce hydrogen gas and metal hydroxides 2.The more vigorous, the further down the group

Question 29

What is the method for chromatography

Answer 29

1.Draw a line in pencil near the bopttom of a sheet of filter paper. 2.Add a spot of the ink to the line and place the sheet in a beaker of solvent like water, where the line is above the waterline 3.The solvent depends on the substance being tested 4.PLace a lid over the container 5.The different dyes in the ink will move up the paper at different rates, being separated ou 6.. If any inks are insoluble itll stay at the pencil line 7.. Once the solvent has nearly reached the top of the paper, take it out and leave it to dry 8.This leaves you with a chromatogram

Question 30

What is the method for crystallisation?

Answer 30

1. Pour the solution into an evaporating dish 2. Gently heat this with a bunsen burner over a water bath 3. Once crystals begin to form, take it off the heat, and leave it to cool 4. The crystals will fully form in the cold, and then you can filter it out and pat them dry.

Question 31

What is the method for distillation?

Answer 31

1.Heat the solution in a flasl with a bunsen burner 2.The part of the solution with the lowest boiling point evaporates first 3.The vapour is cooled through a condenser, and a pure liquid comes out into a beaker

Question 32

What is the method for fractional distillation?

Answer 32

1. Pour mixture into a flask, and place a fractionating column on top. 2. The different liquids will all have different boiling points, so they evaporate at different temps 3. The liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates first, and reaches the top of the column where it is coolest 4. It then passes throgh a condenser and falls into a beaker 5. Repeat for all the other liquids in the mixture.