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Chemistry > Topic 1: atomic structure and the periodic table > Flashcards

Topic 1: atomic structure and the periodic table Flashcards

1
Q

what is an atom

A

the smallest part of an element that can exist

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2
Q

what is an element

A

a substance made up one type of element only

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3
Q

how are the elements listed

A

periodic table

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4
Q

how many elements approx

A

100

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5
Q

elements can be classified into two groups based on properties, what are they

A

metals and non-metals

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6
Q

elements may combine through chemical reactions to form new products, what are the new products called

A

compounds

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7
Q

what is a compound

A

two or more elements combined chemically in fixed proportions which can be represented by formulae

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8
Q

do compounds have the same properties as their constituent elements

A

no - have different properties

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9
Q

what is a mixture

A

consists of two or more elements not chemically combined together

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10
Q

do mixtures have the same chemical properties as its constituent materials

A

yes, they have the same chemical properties

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11
Q

what are the methods mixtures can be separated

A

filtration
crystallisation
simple distillation
fractional distillation
chromatography

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12
Q

do methods separating mixtures involve chemical reactions

A

no they do not

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13
Q

what is simple distillation used for

A

simple distillation is used to separate liquids from a solution

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14
Q

explain simple distillation

A

the liquid boils off and condenses in the condenser
the thermometer will read the boiling point of the pure liquid

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15
Q

what is crystallisation?

A

the process of formation of solid crystals from solution, melt or by deposition directly from a gas phase.

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16
Q

explain crystallisation?

A

removing some of the solvent by evaporation to form a saturated solution. then cool down the solution. as its done, you do this the solid starts to crystallise, and less soluble at lower temperatures. the crystals can be collected and separated from the solvent via filtration

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17
Q

what is evaporation

A

technique for separation of a solid dissolved in a solvent from a solvent

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18
Q

what is fractional distillation

A

a technique for separation of a mixture of liquids.
only works when liquids have varied boiling points

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19
Q

explain fractional distillation

A

the fractioning column contains glass beads, that septette the compounds. the column is hot at the bottom and cooler at the top. the liquids rise and condense when they reach their boiling point. the lower boiling point compounds will rise higher and condense.

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20
Q

what is filtration

A

filtration is used to separate an insoluble solid is suspended in liquid

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21
Q

explain filtration

A

the insoluble solid gets caught in the filter paper, because the particles are to big to fit through the paper. the filtration in the substance that comes through.

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22
Q

apparatus for filtration

A

filter paper
funnel

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23
Q

apparatus for fractional distillation

A

similar to the one for simple distillation
additional fractioning column placed on top of a heat source

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24
Q

what is chromatography

A

used to separate a mixture of substances dissolved in a solvent

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25
Q

explain chromatography

A

in paper chromatography, a piece of paper with a spot containing a mixture in a beaker with some solvent. the bottom of the paper has to be in contact with the solvent. the solvent level will start to rise, thus separating the spot into few different ones

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26
Q

what is a separating funnel

A

a separator funnel is an apparatus for separating immisbiscle liquids. two immiscible liquids of different densities will form 2 distinct layers In the separator funnels. we can run off the bottom layer to a separate vessels

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27
Q

describe the plumb-pudding model

A

the atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it

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28
Q

describe the nuclear model

A

electrons orbit the nucleus at specific distances

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29
Q

how did the nuclear model come about

A

from the alpha scattering experiment

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30
Q

later experiments led to the discovery of smaller, positive particles in the nucleus, what are they?

A

protons

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31
Q

what did the work of James Chadwick provide

A

the existence of neutrons in the nucleus

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32
Q

describe the structure of an atom

A

the atom has a small central nucleus around these are electrons

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33
Q

what is the nucleus made of

A

protons and neutrons

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34
Q

relative charge of protons

A

1

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35
Q

relative charge of neutrons

A

0

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36
Q

relative charge of electrons

A

-1

37
Q

relative mass of protons

A

1

38
Q

relative mass of neutron

A

1

39
Q

relative mass of electrons

A

very very small

40
Q

explain why atoms are electrically neutral

A

same no. of protons and electrons

41
Q

radius of an atom

A

0.1nm

42
Q

what is the name given to the no. of protons in the nucleus

A

atomic no.

43
Q

atoms of the same element have the same no. of which particle in the nucleus

A

protons

44
Q

majority of mass of an atomis in the where?

A

the nucleus

45
Q

what is the mass no.

A

total no. of protons and neutrons

46
Q

how to calculate no. of neutrons using mass no. and atomic no.

A

subtract the atomic no. from the mass no.

47
Q

what is an isotope

A

atoms of the same element that have a different no. of neutrons

48
Q

do isotopes of a certain element have the same chemical properties

A

they have the same chemical properties as they have the same electronic structure

49
Q

what is the relative atomic mass

A

the average mass value which takes the mass and abundance of isotopes of an element into account

50
Q

what are ions

A

ions are charged particles,, they are formed when atoms lose electrons or gain electrons

51
Q

boiling or melting point of metals
high or low

A

high

52
Q

boiling or melting points of non-metals
low or high

A

low

53
Q

what do metals conduct

A

heat and electricity

54
Q

what do non-metals conduct

A

nothing
graphite does however

55
Q

appearance of metals

A

shiny

56
Q

appearance of non-metals

A

dull

57
Q

density of metals

A

high

58
Q

density of non-metals
high or low

A

low

59
Q

what is formed when a metal reacts with a non-metal

A

an ionic compound

60
Q

what is formed when a non-metal reacts with a non-metal

A

a molecular compound containing covalently bonded atoms
atoms share electrons as opposed to transferring electrons between each other

61
Q

columns of the period table are called

A

groups

62
Q

rows of period table are called

A

periods

63
Q

are elements in the same group similar or different

A

they may have similar chemical properties as they have the same number of outer shell electrons

64
Q

in terms of energy levels, what are the differences between elements of the same period

A

they have the same number of energy levels

65
Q

group 0 are more commonly known as

A

noble gasses

66
Q

elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell, what does this tell us about their chemical properties

A

they have similar chemical properties

67
Q

in terms of shells, what is the difference between elements in the same period

A

same no. of shells

68
Q

what change in shell no. is seen as one moves down a group

A

no. of shells increase

69
Q

early periodic tables were incomplete and elements were placed in inappropriate groups if what was to be followed

A

strict order of atomic weights

70
Q

knowledge of what made it possible to explain why the order based on atomic weights was not always correct

A

isotopes

71
Q

Mendeleev overcame some problems with the table by doing what

A

leaving gaps

72
Q

Mendeleev changed the order of some elements based on what

A

atomic weights

73
Q

the majority of elements are

A

metals

74
Q

elements that react to form positive ions are…

A

metals

75
Q

elements that do not form positive ions are…

A

non-metals

76
Q

elements in group 1 are known as

A

the alkali metals

77
Q

state 4 characteristics of the alkali metals

A

all have 1 electron in their outer shell
low density
are stored under oil to prevent reaction with oxygen or water
are soft

78
Q

how do group 1 elements react with non-metals

A

they form ionic compounds which are soluble white solids which form colourless solutions

79
Q

how do group 1 elements react with water

A

they release hydrogen and form hydroxides which dissolve to form alkaline solutions, react vigorously with water - fizzes and moves around on the surface on the surface of the water

80
Q

how does reactivity change moving down group 1 and why

A

reactivity increases as the atoms get larger and the distance between the nucleus and the outer electrons increases and thus the attraction from the nucleus decreases, allowing them to more easily lose electrons

81
Q

5 characteristics of group 7

A

7 electrons in outer shell
coloured vapours
diatomic molecules
form ionic salts with metals
form molecular compounds with non-metals

82
Q

state 3 changes that occur in group 7 as you move down the group

A

high relative molecular mass
higher melting and boiling point
less reactive - less easily gain electrons

83
Q

compare group 1 metals with transition metals

A

group one metals and transition metals are heat and electricity conductors.they are shiny when polished and form ionic compounds with non-metals

whereas

transition metals have higher densities and higher melting points than group 1 metals, they are less reactive and harder than group 1 metals

84
Q

state 3 common characteristics of transition metals

A

ions with different charges
coloured compounds
catalytic properties

85
Q

what is a catalyst

A

a catalyst is a chemical substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction

it is not used up over the course of the reaction

86
Q

describe properties of noble gases

A

non-metals, gases, low boiling points, unreactive

87
Q

trends in properties of noble gases as they go down the group

A

boiling point increases as atoms get heavier

88
Q
A

Chemistry (10 decks)

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