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Biology AS Unit 1 - Molecules and Cells > Topic 1 - Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is Water described as a Polar Molecule

A

It has a +ve H group, and a -ve O group

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2
Q

What type of bonds are formed between different water molecules

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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3
Q

What are the 3 main elements that form Carbohydrates

A

Carbon, hydrogen and Oxygen

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4
Q

What is the General formula for all Carbohydrates

A

Cx(H2O)y

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5
Q

What is the simplest carbohydrate, and how is it defined

A

Monosaccharides, single sugars

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6
Q

What is the General formula for Monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n

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7
Q

How does the formula of Monosaccharides vary

A

The N changes

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8
Q

What is the joining of 2 Monosaccharides called, and what reaction takes place

A

Disaccharides, condensation reaction

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9
Q

What is the definition of a condensation reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which 2 molecules are joined together and 1 water molecule is released

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10
Q

What are many Monosaccharides joined by condensation reactions called

A

Polysaccharides

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11
Q

How do you release hexoses sugars from Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

A

Hydrolysis

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12
Q

Give 2 Pentose Monosaccharides and 3 Hexose Monosaccharides

A

Pentose - Ribose and Deoxyribose

Hexose - a-glucose, b-glucose and fructose

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13
Q

Why is the Carbon 1,4 and 6 positions indicated on glucose diagrams

A

It is at these positions that different glucose molecules bond together

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14
Q

What is the difference between A-glucose and B-glucose

A

The -H and -OH group at Carbon 1 are reversed

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15
Q

Give 2 examples of Disaccharides and their products when Hydrolysed

A

Sucrose - A-glucose and Fructose

Maltose - 2 A-glucose

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16
Q

What is the function of Sucrose

A

How carbohydrates are transported in plants

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17
Q

What is Maltose

A

The product of starch digestion

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18
Q

What are the bonds formed between different monomers when joined by condensation reactions

A

Glycosidic Bonds

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19
Q

What is a Polymer

A

Many Molecules bonded together by Glycosidic bonds

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20
Q

Give 4 examples of Polymers

A

Amylose
Amylopectin
Glycogen
Cellulose

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21
Q

For Amylose, give the Monomer, Glycosidic Bonds, Shape of Polymer, Location in the Cell, and the Function

A 
Monomer - A-glucose
Glycosidic Bonds - a-1,4
Shape - unbranched, helical molecule
Location - starch grains in living plant cells
Function - Store of glucose
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22
Q

For Amylopectin, give the Monomer, Glycosidic Bonds, Shape of Polymer, Location in the Cell, and the Function

A

Monomer - A-glucose
Glycosidic Bonds - a-1,4 and a-1,6
Shape - Branched every 24-30 glucose units, helical molecule
Location - starch grains in living plant cells
Function - Store of glucose

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23
Q

For Glycogen, give the Monomer, Glycosidic Bonds, Shape of Polymer, Location in the Cell, and the Function

A

Monomer - A-glucose
Glycosidic Bonds - a-1,4 and a-1,6
Shape - branched every 8-12 glucose units, helical molecule
Location - Granules in liver and muscle cells of mammals
Function - Store of glucose

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24
Q

For Cellulose, give the Monomer, Glycosidic Bonds, Shape of Polymer, Location in the Cell, and the Function

A

Monomer - B-glucose
Glycosidic Bonds - b-1,4
Shape - Straight Chains cross-linked to parallel molecules
Location - Cell Wall of plant cells
Function - Structural support for plant cell

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25
How are Amylose, Amylopectin and Glycogen adapted to being a storage molecule
Many glucose molecules can be stored in a cell They are readily hydrolysed to release glucose molecules They are insoluble and so cannot move out of cells They do not affect the water potential of a cell
26
How are adjacent Cellulose molecules linked, and what does this produce
Hydrogen Bonds, microfibrils
27
What are lipids composed of
Carbon, hydrogen and a few oxygen atoms
28
What is the main difference between Lipids and Polysaccharides
Lipids are macromolecules, polysaccharides are polymers
29
List 4 examples of Lipids
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids and waxes
30
What is the main constituent of triglycerides and phospholipids
Fatty acids
31
How can fatty acids vary
The length of the hydrocarbon tail | Whether the hydrocarbon chain contains double bonds
32
What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds, saturated fatty acids have single bonds
33
What do Triglycerides consist of
A glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acids bonded by condensation reactions
34
What bond are formed between the fatty acids and glycerol molecule in Triglycerides
Ester bonds
35
How are constituent molecules of a triglyceride released
Hydrolysis reactions
36
How do triglycerides with unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbon tails differ
Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails tend to be liquid at room temperature, whereas saturated hydrocarbon tails tend to be solid
37
What is the function of triglycerides
They represent energy storage
38
Why are triglycerides better at their function than carbohydrates
They release more energy
39
What are some other things that Fats provide
Thermal insulating layer in mammals Buoyancy in marine animals A cushioning layer Water when respiring
40
What is the difference between a Phospholipid and a tryglyceride
One of the fatty acid groups is replaced with a phosphate group
41
Out of the 2 ends of a Phospholipid, which ends are Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic - The Hydrocarbon tails | Hydrophilic - Glycerol - Phosphate head
42
What does the Phospholipid bilayer represent
The basis of membrane structure in cells
43
What is the steroid cholesterol made of
A hydrocarbon chain with 4 Carbon-based rings
44
Where is Cholesterol found, and what is it used for
Cell membranes, and a number of steroid hormones are synthesised from cholesterol
45
What are all proteins made up of (elements)
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and usually sulfur
46
What are proteins made up of (structurally)
Chains of amino acids
47
What do amino acids consist of
``` A carbon atom with 4 groups: An amino group A carboxyl group A hydrogen atom An R-group (residue) ```
48
How do amino acids differ
The R-group
49
How do R-groups differ
Some carry a charge Some are hydrophobic Some contain sulfur Some are involved in hydrogen bonding
50
How do Amino acids join, and what is the bond called
Condensation reactions, covalent peptide bond
51
What do you call 2 amino acids bonded together
A dipeptide
52
What do you called many amino acids bonded together
A polypeptide
53
What is the primary structure of a Polypeptide
A sequence of amino acids in a chain
54
What 2 types of structure make up a secondary structure of a protein, and and what are they
A-helix and b-pleated sheets, they are held in place by hydrogen bonds between peptide links in adjacent parts of the chain
55
What type of proteins have a tertiary structure
Globular
56
How does a protein gain it’s 3D shape
The polypeptide folds over on itself in a precise way
57
What type of proteins have a Quaternary structure
Proteins that consist of two or more polypeptide chains bonded together
58
Give an example of a Globular and Fibrous protein
Globular - Haemoglobin | Fibrous - Collagen
59
What does Haemoglobin consist of, and what does each of these contain
4 polypeptides : 2 a-chains and 2 b-chains | They each contain an iron-containing Haemoglobin group
60
What does Collagen consist of
3 similar polypeptides coiled round each other and held together by hydrogen bonds
61
What do Collagen molecules bonded together form
Strong fibres found in the skin, tendons and ligaments
62
What is the difference between a Conjugated protein and a Prosthetic group
A conjugated protein has a non-protein part attached, which is called the prosthetic group
63
Give the prosthetic group and location of Glycoproteins
Prosthetic Group - Carbohydrates | Location - Mucin, cell surface membrane
64
Give the prosthetic group and location of Lipoprotein
Prosthetic Group - Lipid | Location - Membrane Structure
65
Give the prosthetic group and location of Nucleoprotein
Prosthetic Group - Nucleic Acid | Location - Chromosome Structure, ribosome structure
66
Give the prosthetic group and location of Haemoglobin
Prosthetic Group - Haem | Location - Red Blood Cells
67
What is a prion
A misfolded protein that cause diseases
68
How does Prions affect mammals
The brain tissue becomes spongy with holes where there were once groups of neurones
69
Give examples of Prions
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) Scrapie - sheep Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) -cattle Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD) - humans
70
What do Prions do
They replace the normal, cell-surface glycoproteins with a structurally altered prion form.
71
What structure of a protein is affected by Prions
The secondary structure (particularly a-helixes)
72
Give 3 ways in which a Prion can be spread
Transmission through consumption of infected foods Inheritance of a gene mutation Sporadically
73
Give examples of 2 nucleic acids
DNA | RNA
74
What is the function of DNA and RNA
DNA carries genetic code | RNA assist the functioning of DNA
75
What is a Nucleotide
The subunits of nucleic acids
76
What does each Nucleotide consist of
A pentose sugar A nitrogenous base A phosphate group
77
How does the Nitrogenous bases of RNA and DNA differ
In DNA you have Adenine, Guanine Cytosine and Thymine | In RNA you have Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil
78
How do Nucleotides join, and what is the bond formed
Condensation reactions, and are joined by Phosphodiester bonds
79
What does a DNA molecule consist of
Two anti-parallel strands with complementary bases pairings opposite each other joined by hydrogen bonds
80
What is the complementary base pairings in DNA and RNA
DNA - A-T, C-G | RNA - There isn’t one, and it is only 1 strand
81
What structure forms from many nucleotides bonded together
A double helix
82
How does RNA differ from DNA (structurally)
RNA is a single stranded molecule that is a lot shorter than DNA
83
What is the DNA replication mechanism called
Semi-conservative mechanism
84
How does DNA replication work
1. DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between base pairings 2. The enzyme DNA polymerase moves along each strand 3. DNA polymerase catalysts the joining of the free base pairings with a new strand, according to the base paring rule 4. The process of unzipping and joining continues along the whole strand
85
Why is the DNA replication called Semi-conservative
The new DNA molecule has 1 old strand and 1 new strand
86
What is the experiment for Semi-Conservative replication called
Meselson and Stahl experiment
87
In the DNA replication experiment, what is the evidence for Semi-Conservative replication
At Generation 0, there is all ‘heavy’ DNA At Generation 1, there is all ‘intermediate’ DNA At Generation 2, there is 50% ‘intermediate’ DNA, and 50% ‘light’ DNA

Biology AS Unit 1 - Molecules and Cells (6 decks)

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