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MISS ESTRUCH FLASHCARDS > TOPIC 1: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES > Flashcards

TOPIC 1: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Flashcards

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1
Q

Monomer

A

The smaller units from which larger
molecules are made (polymers)

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2
Q

Polymer

A

Molecules made from a large
number of monomers joined
together through a condensation reaction

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3
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The single unit sugars from which larger
carbohydrates are made
e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose

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4
Q

Disaccharide

A

Formed by the condensation reaction of two
monosaccharides
held together by a glycosidic bond
e.g. maltose, sucrose, lactose

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5
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Formed by the condensation of
many glucose units
held by glycosidic bonds
e.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose

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6
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide in plant cell walls
formed by the condensation of
β-glucose

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7
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide in animals
formed by the condensation of
α-glucose

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8
Q

Starch

A

Polysaccharide in plants
formed by the condensation of
α-glucose
contains two polymers - amylose
and amylopectin

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9
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

C–O–C link
between two sugar molecules
formed by a condensation reaction
it is a covalent bond

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10
Q

Amylose

A

Polysaccharide in starch
made of α-glucose
joined by 1,4-glycosidic bonds
coils to form a helix

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11
Q

Amylopectin

A

Polysaccharide in starch
made of α-glucose
joined by 1,4 and 1,6-glycosidic
bonds
branched structure

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12
Q

Condensation
reaction

A

A reaction that joins two molecules
together
with the formation of a chemical
bond
involves the elimination of a
molecule of water

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13
Q

Hydrolysis
reaction

A

A reaction that breaks a chemical
bond
between two molecules
involves the use of a water molecule

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14
Q

Fibrils

A

Long, straight chains of β-glucose
glucose
held together by many hydrogen
bonds

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15
Q

Triglyceride

A

Formed by the condensation of one
molecule of glycerol and three
molecules of fatty acids
forming 3 ester bonds

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16
Q

Phospholipid

A

Formed by the condensation of one
molecule of glycerol and two
molecules of fatty acid
held by two ester bonds
a phosphate group is attached to
the glycerol

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17
Q

Induced-fit
model

A

The enzyme active site is not
initially complementary to the
substrate
the active site moulds around the
substrate
this puts tension on bonds
lowers the activation energy

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18
Q

Competitive
inhibitor

A

A molecule that is the same/similar
shape as the substrate
binds to the active site
prevents enzyme-substrate
complexes from forming

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19
Q

Non-competitive
inhibitor

A

A molecule that binds to an enzyme
at the allosteric site
causing the active site to change
shape
preventing enzyme-substrate
complexes from forming

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20
Q

Primary
structure

A

The sequence of amino acids on a
polypeptide chain

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21
Q

Secondary
structure

A

The folding or coiling
to create a β pleated sheet or an
α helix
held in place by hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

Tertiary
structure

A

The further folding
to create a unique 3D shape
held in place by hydrogen, ionic and
sometimes disulfide bonds

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23
Q

Quaternary
structure

A

More than one polypeptide chain in
a protein

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24
Q

Peptide bond

A

Covalent bond joining amino acids
together in proteins
C–N link between two amino acid
molecules
formed by a condensation reaction

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25
What is the effect of temperature on enzyme controlled reaction
At low temperatures, there is not enough kinetic energy for successful collisions between the enzyme and substrate. At too high a temperature, enzymes denature, the active site changes shape and enzyme substrate complexes cannot form.
26
What is the effect of pH on enzyme-controlled reaction
Too high or too low a pH will interfere with the charges in the amino acids in the active site. This breaks the ionic and hydrogen bonds holding the tertiary structure in place therefore the active site changes shape and the enzyme denatures Different enzymes have a different optimal pH
27
What is the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme-controlled reaction
At low substrate concentrations, there will be fewer collisions between the enzyme and substrate. At high substrate concentrations, the rate plateaus because all the enzyme active sites are saturated
28
What is the effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme-controlled reaction
At low enzyme concentrations, there will be fewer collisions between the enzyme and substrate. At high enzyme concentrations, the rate plateaus because there are more enzymes than the substrate, so many empty active sites.
29
Ester bond
–COO– chemical bond formed between glycerol and fatty acids
30
Hydrophilic
The ability to mix, interact or attract water
31
Hydrophobic
The tendency to repel and not mix with water
32
Glucose
Monosaccharide that exists as two isomers β glucose and α glucose
33
Galactose
An example of a monosaccharide that forms lactose
34
Fructose
An example of a monosaccharide that forms sucrose
35
Isomer
Molecules with the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently
36
Maltose
Disaccharide formed by the condensation of two glucose molecules
37
Lactose
Disaccharide formed by the condensation of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule
38
Sucrose
Disaccharide formed by the condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule
39
Polypeptide
Polymer chain of a protein made up of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds following condensation reactions
40
Amino acid
The monomer of a protein formed from C,H,O,N contains a carboxyl group, amine group and an R group
41
Carboxyl group
COOH group made up of a C with hydroxyl (OH) and carbonyl (double-bonded O) group bonded to it found in amino acids and fatty acids
42
Amine group
NH2 group found on amino acids
43
R group on amino acids
The variable group the part of each of the 20 amino acids that is different
44
α helix
A secondary structure in proteins a coiled shape held in place by hydrogen bonds
45
β pleated sheet
A secondary structure in proteins a folded, pleated shape held in place by hydrogen bonds
46
Hydrogen bonds
Weak bond forms between H and O in many biological molecules e.g. proteins, water, DNA, tRNA
47
Ionic bonds
A bond that forms between the R groups of different amino acids in the tertiary structure of proteins
48
Disulfide bonds
A strong covalent bond between two sulfur atoms in the R groups of different amino acids in the tertiary structure of proteins
49
Active site
Unique-shaped part of an enzyme that the substrate binds to
50
Activation energy
The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur
51
Enzyme-substrate complex
forms when an enzyme and substrate collide and bind resulting in a lowered activation energy
52
Denature
When the active site changes shape so the substrate can no longer bind
53
Enzyme-inhibitor complex
The structure that forms when an enzyme and inhibitor collide and bind prevents enzyme-substrate complexes from forming
54
Saturated fatty acid
A long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end only single bonds between carbon atoms
55
Unsaturated fatty acid
A long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end at least one double bond between carbon atoms
56
Polar molecule
A molecule that has an uneven distribution of charge
57
Phospholipid bilayer
Phospholipids have two charged regions in water, they are positioned so that the heads are exposed to water and the tails are not
58
Plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer cell surface membranes and organelle membranes
59
Reducing sugar
sugars that can reduce Cu ions in Benedict’s reagent to Cu ions in the form of copper (I) oxide which forms a brick-red precipitate
60
Test for reducing sugar
Add Benedict's reagent heat observe green/yellow/orange/brick red precipitate
61
How does the structure of a triglyceride relate to it's function?
large ratio of energy-storing carbon-hydrogen bonds compared to the number of carbon atoms; a lot of energy is stored in the molecule high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms they act as a metabolic water source do not affect water potentials and osmosis have a relatively low mass
62
How does the structure of a phospholipid relate to it's function?
Phospholipids have two charged regions, so they are polar In water, they are positioned so that the heads are exposed to water and the tails are not. This forms a phospholipid bilayer which makes up the plasma membrane around cells.
63
How does the structure of a triglyceride and phospholipid differ?
A phospholipid has one fewer fatty acid chain which is replaced by a phosphate group
64
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?
A saturated fatty acid has no double bonds between carbon atoms where as unsaturated fatty acids had at least one double bond between carbon atoms
65
Non-reducing sugar
a sugar unable to reduce Cu the glycosidic bond must be hydrolysed to expose the reducing group e.g. sucrose
66
Test for nonreducing sugar
Following a negative Benedict's test boil sample in acid and then neutralise with alkaline add Benedict's reagent and heat observe orange/brick red colour
67
Test for starch
Add iodine turns blue/black
68
Test for lipids
Add ethanol and shake to dissolve then add water white emulsion forms
69
Test for protein
Add biuret turns purple
70
Nucleotide
The monomer of DNA and RNA contains a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
71
Nitrogenous base
Part of a nucleotide adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil
72
DNA nucleotide
The monomer of DNA contains a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
73
Polynucleotide
DNA polymer many nucleotides joined together via a condensation reaction joined by phosphodiester bonds
74
Phosphodiester bond
Bond joining two nucleotides together forms between a phosphate group and the pentose sugar
75
Complementary base pairs
The base pairs that align opposite each other and form hydrogen bonds adenine and thymine/uracil guanine and cytosine
76
Ribose
pentose sugar found in RNA nucleotide and ATP
77
Uracil
Nitrogenous base found in RNA instead of thymine
78
mRNA
a copy of a gene single-strand polymer of RNA
79
tRNA
found only in the cytoplasm single-stranded but folded to create a shape that looks like a cloverleaf held in place by hydrogen bonds
80
rRNA
rRNA combines with protein to make ribosomes
81
DNA template strand
A DNA strand that is used to make a new DNA copy from both DNA strands in the double helix are used as templates in DNA replication
82
DNA polymerase
An enzyme in DNA replication joins together adjacent nucleotides
83
Semi-conservative replication
DNA replication is semiconservative replication one strand is from the parental DNA and one strand is newly synthesised
84
DNA helicase
Enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds between the two chains of DNA in a double helix causes the two strands to separate involved in DNA replication and transcription
85
Large latent heat of vaporisation
a lot of energy is required to convert water from its liquid state to a gaseous state this is due to the hydrogen bonds, as energy is needed to break these to turn it into a gas means water can provide a cooling effect
86
High specific heat capacity
a lot of energy is required to raise the temperature of the water because some of the heat energy is used to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules important so water can act as a temperature buffer
87
Metabolite
Water is involved in many reactions such as photosynthesis, hydrolysis, and condensation reactions
88
Solvent
Water is a good solvent meaning many substances dissolve in it polar (charged) molecules dissolve readily in water due to the fact water is polar
89
Strong cohesion
water molecules ‘stick’ together due to hydrogen bonds results in water moving up the xylem as a continuous column of water provides surface tension, creating a habitat on the surface of the water for small invertebrates
90
ATP synthase
Enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of ATP from ADP + Pi
91
ATP hydrolase
Enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP +Pi
92
Phosphorylation
The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule making the molecule more reactive/it gains energy
93
Structure of water
Water is a polar molecule the oxygen atom is slightly negative the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive
94
Dipeptide
Two amino acids bonded together by a peptide bond formed by a condensation reaction
95
RNA nucleotide
monomer of RNA composed of a phosphate group, ribose and a nitrogenous base has the base uracil instead of thymine
96
Role of hydrogen ions
determine the pH the more hydrogen ions, the more acidic the conditions are an important role in chemiosmosis in respiration and photosynthesis
97
Role of iron ions
a compound of haemoglobin involved in oxygen transport
98
Role of sodium ions in co-transport
involved in co-transport for absorption of glucose and amino acids in the ileum
99
Role of phosphate ions
as a component of DNA, RNA and ATP phosphodiester bond in DNA and RNA forms between the phosphate group and the pentose sugar
100
Fatty acid structure
carboxyl group and a long hydrocarbon chain can be saturated or unsaturated

MISS ESTRUCH FLASHCARDS (8 decks)

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