topic 1 - biological molecules Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
what is a monomer
A
smaller units wich can creat larger molecules
2
Q
polymer defenition
A
made from lots of monomers bonded together
3
Q
plolymers of glucose ( monomer )
A
starch, cellulose, glycogen
4
Q
ploymer of amino acids ( monomers )
A
protiens
5
Q
polymers for neucleotides ( monomer )
A
dna
rna
6
Q
what is a condensatoin reactoin
A
joing two molecules creating a chemical bond and removing water
7
Q
hydolisis reactoin
A
brekaes a chemical bond betweeen tewo molecules and involved the use of water
8
Q
carbohydrastes - monosacherides
A
glucose
fructose
galactose
9
Q
carbodystrates - disachersides
A
sucrose
maltose
lactose
10
Q
carbohydrates - polysacherides
A
starch
cellulose
glycogen
11
Q
isomer
A
e.g glucose
same molecular formula different stucture
12
Q
disachersides are made of two…
A
monosachersides
13
Q
what are disachersides joined together by
A
glycosidic bond
14
Q
glucose + glucose -
A
maltose and water
15
Q
glucose and galactose -
A
lactorse and water
16
Q
glucose and fructose -
A
sucrose and water
17
Q
what monomer is starch made of?
A
alpha glucose
18
Q
what monomer is cellulose made of?
A
betas glucose
19
Q
what monomer is glycogen made of?
A
alpha glucose
20
Q
starch - bonds between monomers
A
1 - 4 glycosidic bonds in amylose
1-4 and 1-6 in amylopectin
21
Q
bonds between monomers - glyxogen
A
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
22
Q
starch finction
A
store of glucose
23
Q
cellulose functoin
A
strutcutral strnegth for the cell wall
24
Q
glycogen function
A
store of function
25
starch location
plant cells ( eg chloroplasts )
26
cellulose locatoin
plants - cell wall
27
glycogen location
aminals - mainly in muslce and liber cells
28
starch structure
made of 2 polymers:
amylose - an unbranched helix
amylopectin - a breanched molecule
29
cellulose structure
polymer forms long straight chains
chains are held in parralell by many hydrogen bonds to form fibrils
30
glycogen structure
a highly branched molecule
31
starch - explantion of how the structure leads to the functoin
helix can compact to fit s lot of glucose into a small space
brahced structure increases surace area for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose
wont affect water pottential
32
cellulose - how the structure leads to the function
many hydrogen bonds provide collective strgneth
insuluble - wont affect water pottental
33
glycogen - explation of how the structure elads to the function
branched strutcrure
increases syrfsce area for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose
insoluble - wont affect water pottental
34
difference btween tryglycerides and phospholipids
tri - one glycerol, three faty acids
phos - one phosphate group, one glucerol, 2 fatty acids
35
triglycerides are formed via...
condensation reatoins between one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid
36
saturasted fatty acids defnetion!
the hydrocarbon chain has only single bonds between carbons
37
what are unsaturatd fatty acids
the hyrdocarbon chain consists of at least one double bond between carbons
38
4 properties of tryglycerides
1. energy storage due to the large ration of energy stroing carbon - hydrogen bonds
2.metabolic water scource due to the high rstion of hydrogen to oxygen atoms they can release water if they are oxidised
3. do not affect water pottenaionts and osmosis this is becuase they are large and hydrphopbic making them insoluble in water
4. low mass so gthey can be stored withought icnreasing the mass and rpeventing movement
39
how are phospholipids made
two fatty acids bond to the glycerol via two condensation reaslionts reuslting in two ester bonds
40
propetries of phospholipids
hydrohiplic head due to negative charge on the phosphate group
attratcs water and repels fats as it is charged
the fatty acid chain is not charged
this is the hydrophilic tail and it reples water but will mix with fats
41
phospholipid bylayers have:
two charged regions to they are polar
in water they are positoined so that thew heads are exposed to water and the tails are not
this forms a phospholipid bylayer mebrene structruew wich makes upo the plasma membrene around the cells
42
what is the primaryt protien strcture?
this is the order of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain this is a polymer
43
what is the secondary priten streucture?
the sewince of amino acids causes parts of the protien molecule to bend into a alpha helix of fold into beta pleated sheets
hydrogen bonds hold together the secondary stuercture
44
what is the teritary strucrure
the further folding of the secondary structure
this forms a unique 3d shape
held in place by hydrogen ionic and disulphide bonds
45
what is the quaternary priten structure?
a priten made up of more than one polypeptide chains
46
what is an enzyme
a tetiary stricture priten wich lowes the reatoin energy of the readcion they catalise
47
why do enzymes need to compeltemtry to the subcustrate
enzymes can only attatch to substrated that are compelemtry in shape
48
outline the induced fit enzyme model.
enzyme active site is induced or slight changed shape to mould around the substrate
when the enzume substrate compex occues due to the emzyme moukding around the substrate it outs strain on the bonds and therefore lowers the actication energy
49
outline how temepreatre affects enzyme activity.
if temp is to low there is not enough kenetic energy for subcesfulk clisions between the enzyme and the substrate
if the tempeartre is to high enzyme denatures the active site changes shape and the enume substrate compexes can not from
50
how does ph affect enzyme acriivty
to high or to low will interfere with the charges in the amino acids in the active site
this can break bonds ghodling the teritary structire in place
therefore the active site changes shape
therefore the enzyme denatures and fewer enzyme compexed form
different enzymes have a different optimum ph
51
hows does subsutrate and enzyme concentratoin affect enzyme axtivity
if there is insufficient substrate then the reaction will be slower ass there sre fewer colisionns between the enzyme and usbstrate
if there is insufficient enzymes then the enzyme active site will become saturaed with substrate and ubnable to work any faster
52
what are competitive inhibitators
same shape as the substrate
bind to the active site
prevents enzyme substrate compexes
if you add kmroe sustrate however it will flood our out compete the inhibitator knowing them out of the active site
53
what are non cpmeteitve inhibtatoris
bind to the allosteric site
causes the active site to change shape
no enzyme sustrate compexes
the sustrate can no longer bind regardless how much sustrate is added
54
test for starch
add iodine
solution turns from orange from blue to black
55
test for reducing sugars
add benendicts reagent and heat
solutoin turns from blue to green yellow organge or brick red
56
test for non reducing sugars
add acid ansd boil
let cool then add alkali to neutralise
add beneidcts reagent and heat
blue to orange or brick red
the more red the higher the conc of reducing sugar
always orange or brick red if it was a non reducing sugar it was prbs sucrose wich is made up of glouce and fructos so whern hydrolised it goes to two sugars instead of one, we have now doubled the con of sygar present
57
test for protiens
biuret
blue to purple
58
test for lipids
disolve the sample in ethanol
then add distilled water
white emulsion will form
59
what is a neucleotide made up of?
- a deoxyribose sugar ( a pentose sugar )
- a nitregonous base
- one phosphate group
60
the 4 nitrogenous bases
gunine cytosine adeneine and thrumine
61
what is a polyneucleotide
a polymer of neucleotides
62
what are polyneucleotides created by
a condensatoin reatoin between deozyribose suage and the phosphate group greating a phosphodiester bond
63
hydrogen bonds ( in dna ) can only form between...
completentry base pairs
64
what is rna
a plymer of a neucloride formed of ribose a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
65
what are the bases in rna
adenine guanine cytosine and uracil
66
outline rna streucture
relivitely short polyneucleotide
single stranded
67
what is the function of rna
to trnafer the genetic code from dna in the neucleus to the ribosmoes, some rna is also combined with pritien to make riboslmes
68
steps to semi conservative replicatoin:
1. dna helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds bectween compeltery base pairs between two strands within a double helix this causes the dna double helix to unwind
2. each of the sepeated parental dna strands acts as a template, free floating dna neucleotides within the neucleus are attracted to thier compatry pairs on the template strands of the parental dna
3. the adjacent neucleotides are joined togetehr ( fomring a phosphodiester bond ) by a condensation reactoin, dna plymeraise catalises the joining together of adjacent neucleotides
4. the two sets of daughter sna ( name given to the new dna molecules ) contain one strand of the oarental dna and one newly synthesised strand
69
what is parental dna
name given to the origan dna that is going to be coppied
70
evidence for semi conservative replicatoin - watson and crick
discovered the structrtue of sna in 1953
helped by rosaline frankins research on x ray defractoin
71
evidence for semi conservative replicatoin - meselson and stahl
conducted an experement wich proved dna replicatoin must be semi conservative
72
what is atp?
a neucler deriviative, an imediate sscouirce of energy for metabolic processes
metabolic reacionns in cells must have a consistant steady suply of atp
73
atp is made during respiration from...
adp and pi by a condensation reaction using the enzyme atp synthase
74
atp can by hydrolised into ...
adp and pi using atp hydroliase, this relasess small amounts of energy
75
atp can also transfer energy to other compunds...
the inorganic phosphate relased during the hydrolisis of atp can be bonded onto different compunds to make thewm mroe reatice this is called phosphorilation
76
5 key properties of water
it is a metabolite ( e.g in condensatoin or hydrolysis reacions )
an imprtant solvent in reactions
has a high heat capacity - buffers temp
large latent heat of evaporation - provides a cooling effect witht he loss of water through evaporation
stong cohesion between water molecules - supports water colums and privde surface tension
77
what are inogranic ions
ocur in solution in the cytoplasm and body fluids of orgnaisms some in high concs and some in very low conc
78
hydrogen ions:
loer ph of solutions of ions and impact enzyme and haemoglobin fucntion
79
iron ions
comonent of haemoglobin and in the transport of oxygen
80
sodium ions
involved in the co tranpsort of glucose and amino acids in absorbtion
81
phosphate ions
a compnent of dna ( forms phosphodiester bonds with deoxyribose ) and atp ( makes adp more reactive )
