topic 1 booklet info

Question 1

define hydrophilic

Answer 1

attracted to water

Question 2

define hydrophobic

Answer 2

repelled by water

Question 3

which side of the heart is oxygenated and which is deoxygenated?

Answer 3

right- deoxygenated left- oxygenatd

Question 4

starting from outside to in label the 4 key structures of an artery

Answer 4

1-collagen fibers
2-muscle and elastin
3-endothelium
4-narrow central lumen

Question 5

summaries step 1 of the cardiac cycle

Answer 5

atrial systole

atrial contraction begins

both atrial ventricular valves are open

Question 6

summaries step 2 of the cardiac cycle

Answer 6

atria eject blood into the ventricles

filling the ventricles

Question 7

summaries step 3 of the cardiac cycle

Answer 7

atrial systole ends

the atrial ventricular valves close

ventricles now contain maximum blood volume

Question 8

summaries step 4 of the cardiac cycle

Answer 8

ventricular systole begins

• muscle cells develop tension- but do not contract

pressure in the ventricle rises

Question 9

summaries step 5 of the cardiac cycle

Answer 9

semi-lunar valves open

ventricular muscles contract.

and shorten blood flow into the aorta

Question 10

summaries step 6 of the cardiac vascular cycle

Answer 10

ventricular pressure falls

semilunar valves close

Question 11

summaries step 7 of the cardiac cycle

Answer 11

ventricular diastole

ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure

all heart valves close and ventricles relax

Question 12

summaries step 8 of the cardiac cycle

Answer 12

atrial pressure is higher then ventricular pressure

atrial ventricular valves open .

passive ventricular filling cycle ends.

Question 13

what is atherosclerosis?

Answer 13

a build up of fats, cholesterol and calcium in arteries.

specific disease depends on which arteries is affected.

Question 14

list 3 symptoms of stroke

Answer 14

face may drop
slurred speech
blurred vision

Question 15

list 3 symptoms of coronary heart disease (angina)

Answer 15

breathlessness
nausea
tight heavy chest

Question 16

list 3 symptoms of coronary heart disease ( myocardial infarction)

Answer 16

feeling weak or light headed
chest pain
shortness of breath

Question 17

what is the first step of blood clotting?

Answer 17

platelets stick to damaged wall of blood vessel

Question 18

what is the second step of blood clotting?

Answer 18

platelets stick to damaged wall and to each other, forming a platelet plug

Question 19

what is the third step of blood clotting?

Answer 19

fibrin mesh traps blood cells, forming a clot.

Question 20

where does atherosclerosis usually form plaque inside?

Answer 20

the arteries

Question 21

in atherosclerosis the plaque begins to form after damage to…..?

Answer 21

endothelium cells

Question 22

in atherosclerosis endothelium cells may be damaged due to…..?

Answer 22

blood flowing quickly under high pressure

Question 23

the plaque formed in atherosclerosis consists of …..?

Answer 23

fatty deposits

Question 24

why do scientists often set up a null hypothesis before carrying out an investigation?

Answer 24

statistics cannot prove something is always right so instead we focus on saying something isn’t right

Question 25

what are the two types of studies that epidemiologists may use to identify risk?

Answer 25

cohort studies and case control

Question 26

what is a cohort study?

Answer 26

where a group of people are followed over a long period of time to see if they develop the disease.

Question 27

what is the case control type of study?

Answer 27

where a group of people who have the disease are compared with a group who do not have the disease.

Question 28

name 3 ways to ensure reliable data?

Answer 28

- having a hypothesis - lots of participants - control variables

Question 29

name three risk factors associated with CVD?

Answer 29

high blood cholesterol inactivity obesity

Question 30

what is a monomer?

Answer 30

a single molecule which can be joined together

Question 31

what is a polymer?

Answer 31

long chains of repeated molecules joined by bonds

Question 32

what is a monosaccharide?

Answer 32

a single sugar unit

Question 33

what is a disaccharide?

Answer 33

two single sugar units joint by glyosidic bond

Question 34

what is a polysaccharide?

Answer 34

more the two single sugar units joined together by a glyosidic bond

Question 35

what is the structure and chemical properties of the glucose molecule ?

Answer 35

sweet, small, soluble, crystalline, monosaccharide.

Question 36

structure and chemical properties of of starch?

Answer 36

insoluble polysaccharide formed from two glucose polymers: branched amylopectin with 1,4 and 1,6 glyosidic links and helical amylose with 1,4 glyosidic bonds only

Question 37

name the structure and chemical properties of maltose?

Answer 37

2 alpha glucose

Question 38

name the structure chemical properties of of a sucrose molecule?

Answer 38

sweet, soluble, crystalline disaccharide formed by condensation reaction between glucose and fructosee.

Question 39

name the structure and chemical properties of a glycogen molecule?

Answer 39

big insoluble bond- can be used as a storage for for energy and can be broken down to make energy. Alpha glucose

Question 40

what is the chemical reaction that joins the galactose and glucose molecules together?

Answer 40

condensation reaction

Question 41

what is the name of the bond that joins the galactose and glucose molecules together?

Answer 41

covalent bond

Question 42

name the reaction that would split an ester bond to release a fatty acid ?

Answer 42

hydrolysis

Question 43

what does BMR stand for?

Answer 43

Basal metabolic rate

Question 44

define BMR?

Answer 44

energy required at rest

Question 45

what units is BMR measured in?

Answer 45

joules per hour per kg

Question 46

why does BMR vary with size?

Answer 46

larger size = more energy required at rest

Question 47

why does BMR vary with age?

Answer 47

BMR decreases with age

Question 48

why does BMR vary with Gender?

Answer 48

men need more energy- calorie wise dur to muscles

Question 49

why does BMR vary with external temperature?

Answer 49

more energy required in the cold

Question 50

what is the equation for BMI ?

Answer 50

BMI = Body mass divided by height (squared)

Question 51

what are the three types of drugs that can be used to treat high blood pleasure?

Answer 51

1- ACE inhibitors 2- calcium channel blockers 3- diuretics

Question 52

how do ACE inhibitors work?

Answer 52

- work in kidneys - angiotesten- squeezes arteries (increase in blood pressure) - stops thee enzyme producing angiotesten - stops vasoconstriction

Question 53

how do calcium channel blockers work?

Answer 53

- they prevent the release of internal calcium stores into cell cytosin-(calcium stores) - blocks calcium entry into muscles in blood vessels . results in les contracting blood vessels lower blood preasure. - can make your heart contract less efficiently

Question 54

how does diuretics work?

Answer 54

increases urain output in the kidneys

Question 55

what is the role of statins in reducing blood cholesterol levels ?

Answer 55

battels LDL's - cholesterol operates within the liver reduces production of LDL's (bad cholesterol)

Question 56

what is the role of a diet to reduce the risk of CVD's in reducing blood cholesterol levels?

Answer 56

less salt in diet more exercise less fats