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Biology > Topic 1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes are smaller and simpler cells compared to the complex prokaryotic cells

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2
Q

Name the function of these subcellular structures:

  1. Nucleus
  2. Mitochondria
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. Cell Membrane
  5. Ribosomes
  6. Cell Wall
  7. Vacuole
  8. Chloroplasts
A
  1. Contains genetic material and controls the functions within a cell
  2. Provides the energy that the cell needs to work through aerobic respiration
  3. Site of most chemical reactions, contains enzymes to control these reactions
  4. Holds cell together and controls what goes in and out
  5. Where protein synthesis occurs
  6. Supports the cell and strengthens it
  7. Contains cell sap
  8. Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis
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3
Q

How is DNA stored in bacteria cells?

A

In a long, singular strand of DNA and in small rings of DNA called plasmids

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4
Q

What are the advantages of an electron microscope?

A

They have higher magnification and resolution and allow us to see smaller subcellular structures such as mitochondria which light microscopes do not allow us to do

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5
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

Magnification = Image size/Real size

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6
Q

How do you prepare a slide for a microscope?

A
  1. Add a drop of water to the middle of a clean slide
  2. Place specimen to be examined on the slide
  3. Place a drop of iodine on top of the specimen
  4. Cover the slip and ensure that there are no air bubbles
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7
Q

What role does iodine serve in the slide?

A

It acts as a stain and highlights subcellular structures

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8
Q

Define differentiation

A

The process through which a cell changes to become specialised to perform a specific function

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9
Q

What do you call undifferentiated cells?

A

Stem cells

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10
Q

What are stem cells used for in mature animals?

A

Repairing and replacing cells that have died or become damaged

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11
Q

What adaptations do sperm cells have?

A
  1. Long tail and streamlined head for swimming
  2. A lot of mitochondria to provide energy
  3. Carries enzymes to dissolve through the egg
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12
Q

What adaptations to nerve cells have?

A
  1. Long to cover more distance

2. Have branches to form connections with other cells

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13
Q

What adaptations do muscle cells have?

A
  1. They are long so they have space to contact

2. Thye contain lots of mitochondria to provide energy for contraction

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14
Q

What adaptations do root hair cells have?

A
  1. They have a large surface area for absorption

2. They are large to cover more ground

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15
Q

How could embryonic stem cells be useful for doctors and scientists?

A

Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell and they could be used to cure disease .e.g. make insulin producing cells for people suffering from diabetes

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16
Q

Where are stem cells found in adults?

A

Bone marrow

17
Q

What is the restriction with stem cells from adults?

A

They can only differentiate into specific types of cell such as blood cells

18
Q

What is therapeutic cloning and why is it useful?

A

This is where an embryo can be made to have the same genetic material as the person receiving it os the stem cells it produces will not be rejected by a patient

19
Q

Why are some people against stem cells research?

A

They feel that all embryos have the potential to be a human life and they feel that scientists should focus on finding other sources of stem cells

20
Q

How can stem cells benefit farmers and botanists?

A

Stem cells found in a plant’s meristem can be used to produce exact copies of that plant to grow more plants cheaply and prevent them from being wiped out

21
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a cell?

A

46

22
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The stage in a cell cycle where the cell divides, the cell forms two identical ‘daughter cells’

23
Q

Describe the process of mitosis

A
  1. The chromosomes line up and cell fibres pull them apart and the two arms go to opposite ends of the cell
  2. A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes which will become the nuclei of the new cells
  3. The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
24
Q

What is binary fission?

A

The process through which prokaryotic cells divide

25
Q

Describe binary fission

A
  1. The circular DNA and plasmids replicate
  2. The cell expands and the circular strands of DNA move to the pole of the cell
  3. The cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls begin to form
  4. The cytoplasm divides to form two identical daughter cells
26
Q

Define diffusion

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

27
Q

T/F: the higher the concentration gradient the faster the diffusion

A

True

28
Q

Name some factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A

Temperature, concentration gradient, surface area

29
Q

Define osmosis

A

The net movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane

30
Q

What is a partially permeable mebrane?

A

A membrane that has very small holes in it, so small that only tiny molecules can pass through it

31
Q

T/F: water molecules only move one way through a partially permeable membrane

A

False: molecules will move both ways through but because there is a higher concentration on one side there is a higher net movement one way or the other

32
Q

Define active transport

A

The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against the concentration gradient, using energy

33
Q

Give an example of active transport

A

The movement of water from the soil into root hair cells

34
Q

Give an example of diffusion

A

Gas exchange in the lungs

35
Q

Give an example of osmosis

A

The movement of water in and out of a potato or when your feet go wrinkly in the bath

36
Q

What role does active transport play in the human body?

A

Glucose is taken into the bloodstream from the gut but sometimes there is a higher concentration in the bloodstream meaning that active transport must be used

37
Q

What adaptions do exchange surfaces have?

A
  1. Thin membrane
  2. Large surface area
  3. Lots of blood vessels
  4. Ventilated
38
Q

What do villi do?

A

Absorb digested food from the small intestine

Biology (7 decks)

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