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biology paper 1 > Topic 1: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1: Cell Biology Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

examples of eukaryotic

A

animal
fungi
protists
plant

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2
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell

A

cells are more complex , this includes plant and animal cell. they have a cell membrane , cytoplasm and contain genetic information enclosed in a nucleus

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3
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

are much more smaller and simple for example bacteria cell. The genetic material is NOT enclose in a nucleus . the DNA is a single loop of DNA or small rings called plasmids

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4
Q

identifying different types of cells

A

if any cell has a nucleus that means its a eukaryotic cell and if it doesn’t have a nucleus its prokaryotic cell

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5
Q

example of prokaryotic cell

A

bacteria

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6
Q

the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

In the eukaryotic cell, the genetic material is enclosed in a nucleus whereas in prokaryotic the genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus instead it is a single loop of DNA or small rings called plasmids

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7
Q

An animal cell is eukaryotic. They have a:

A 
● Cell membrane
● Cytoplasm
● Nucleus containing DNA
●mitochondria 
● ribosomes
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8
Q

a plant cell is eukaryotic they have a :

A 
● Cell membrane
● Cytoplasm
● Nucleus containing DNA
●mitochondria 
●ribosomes 
● chloroplast 
●permanent vacuole 
●cell wall
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9
Q

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic and are much smaller. They have a:

A

● Cell wall
● Cell membrane
● Cytoplasm
● Single circular strand of DNA and plasmids (small rings of DNA found in the cytoplasm)

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10
Q

Centi

A

1cm=0.01m x10^-2

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11
Q

Milli

A

1mm=0.001m x 10^-3

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12
Q

Micro

A

1μm=0.000 001 x10^-6

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13
Q

Nano

A

1nm=0.000, 000, 001 x10^-9

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14
Q

Nucleus

A

contains genetic material which controls the activities of the cell

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15
Q

cytoplasm

A

a jelly-like substance where chemical reaction takes place

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16
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

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17
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration reactions occur, providing energy for the cell

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18
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where protein synthesis occurs.

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19
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light for photosynthesis

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20
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

contains cell sap and keeps the cell rigid

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21
Q

Cell wall

A

Made from cellulose

Provides strength to the cell

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22
Q

specialised cells in animals-Sperm cells

A

specialised for reproduction, the function of a sperm is to get the male DNA to the female DNA to the ovum

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23
Q

what are the features of a sperm cell

A
  • long streamlined tail help swim to the egg
  • the mid-section packed with mitochondria which provides energy for movement
  • The acrosome (top of the head)has digestive enzymes which digest through the egg
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24
Q

specialised cells in animals-Nerve cells

Study These Flashcards
A

specialised to transmit electrical signals

25
what are the features of nerve cells?
-The axon is long ( to cover more distance) enables impulse to be carried along long distances branched connection- to connect with other nerve cells and form a network around the body have many mitochondria which supply the energy
26
specialised cells in animals- Muscle cells
specialised for contraction
27
what are the features of muscle cells?
Lots of mitochondria to provide energy from respiration for contraction proteins (myosin and actin) slide over each other, causing the muscle to contract They can store a chemical called glycogen that is used in respiration by mitochondria
28
Examples of specialised cells in plants
Root hair cells Xylem cells Phloem cell
29
specialised cells in plants-root hair cells
specialised for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil
30
features of root hair cell
Have a large surface area due to hair like projections meaning more water can move in Mitochondria to provide energy from respiration The large permanent vacuole affects the speed of movement of water from the soil to the cell
31
specialised cells in plants-xylem cell
specialised to transport water and mineral ions up the plant
32
features of xylem
-hallow tube made out of lignin which allows more water to move through water and minerals flow from the root towards the leaves in one direction this process is called transpiration
33
specialised cells in plants-phloem
cells: specialised to carry glucose around the plant
34
features of phloem
-made from living tissues fewer sub-cellular structures so more substances can flow through them cells have end plates with hole in them
35
define transpiration
substances only leaves in one direction
36
define translocation
glucose in solution moves from the leaves to grow and store tissues translocation is the movement of materials from leaves to other tissues throughout the plant.
37
define differentiation
differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job. cell differentiation forms different subcellular structures
38
at what stage does cell differentiation take place in animal
differentiate at an early stage and then lose this ability. cells that differentiate is mainly for repairing and replacing damaged cells
39
In mature animals, cell division mostly only happens to
happens to repair or replace damaged cells, as they undergo little growth.
40
at what stage does plants differentiation take place
ability to differentiate throughout life.
41
what is the difference between cell differentiation
in animal cells can only differentiate at an early stage and lose this ability, only in mature animal cells, cell division takes place to repair or replace damaged cells, as they undergo little growth. but plants have the ability to differentiate throughout life.
42
magnification =
image size / real size
43
light microscopes
``` beam of light low magnification low resolution small and portable cheap and easy to use ```
44
electron microscopes
``` beam of electrons high magnification high resolution very expensive very large operated in special rooms image black and white specimen needs to be dead ```
45
RP1 - Microscopy method
peel of epidermal layers on the onion stain the cell using iodine solution place a cover slip making sure there is no air bubbles remove the excess stain by soaking paper towel place the slide on the stage select the lowest magnification objective lens use the course focus wheel then the fine focus wheel to focus the image draw the image and label it
46
Why is a thin sample of tissue required?
Allows light to pass through so internal | structures can be observed
47
Why is water added to the slide before the sample is mounted?
Allows the sample to be suspended between the slide and the coverslip, and ensures the coverslip stays in place
48
Why is iodine solution added to stain the cells?
to become more visible
49
chromosomes,
which contain coils of DNA.
50
gene
a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein or and as a result controls a characteristic
51
Mitosis and the Cell Cycle | stages
stage 1 is growth before cells divide it needs to grow and increase the amount of sub-cellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes stage 2 DNA synthesis the DNA duplicates and forms x - shaped chromosomes and energy stores are increased stage 3 mitosis one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell to either side of the cells and the nucleus divides, then the cytoplasm and cell membrane divides to form 2 identical daughter cells
52
functions of mitosis
essential for growth and development replace and repairs damaged cells asexual reproduction occurs by mitosis
53
stem cells
are undifferentiated cells and can form into different types of cells
54
Embryonic stem cells
They can differentiate into any type of cell in the body can be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells used to treat diabetes, paralysis
55
Adult stem cells
If found in bone marrow they can form many types of cells including blood cells
56
Meristems in plants
Found in root and shoot tips
57
where is the adult stem cell found
bone marrow
58
where is the meristem cell found?
Found in root and shoot tips They can differentiate into any type of plant, and have this ability throughout the life of the plant

biology paper 1 (5 decks)

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