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Genetics 1 > Topic 1: Cell Division > Flashcards

Topic 1: Cell Division Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

when did the early study of genetics start?

A

1865

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2
Q

genes control gene ____ of DNA to RNA, and therefore ______ to proteins

A
  1. transcription
  2. translation
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3
Q

genes are contained in _____

A

chromosomes

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4
Q

genetic information can also be contained within ______ (plants) and _____ (plants&animals)

A
  1. chloroplasts
  2. mitochondria
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5
Q

what are the three main subdisciplines of genetics?

A

transmission genetics
evolutionary genetics
molecular genetics

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6
Q

mitosis creates ______

A

two identical daughter cells

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7
Q

in what kind of cells does mitosis occur?

A

somatic cells

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8
Q

each somatic cell is ____N (______)

A
  1. 2N
  2. diploid
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9
Q

if human cells are diploid, how many chromosomes do humans have if their diploid state is 2N=46?

A

23 chromosomes

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10
Q

meiosis creates _____

A

four unique haploid cells

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11
Q

in what kind of cells does meiosis occur?

A

germ-line cells, to produce gametes!

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12
Q

what are the six stages of mitosis?

A

interphase
prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase/cytokinesis

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13
Q

in _____,
1. chromosomes are diffuse and not visible
2. chromosomes are duplicated
3. nuclear envelope still encloses the nucleus
4. two centrosomes are in the cytoplasm
5. microtubules begin to extend

A

interphase

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14
Q

in ______,
1. chromosomes begin to condense and become visible
2. sister chromatids attached via centromeres visible
3. pair centrosomes move to the poles
4. microtubules extend from centrosomes to form the mitotic spindle
5. nucleolus disappears

A

prophase

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15
Q

in ______,
1. nuclear envelope begins to breakdown
2. mitotic spindle attaches to kinetochores of the sister chromatids
3. microtubules begin exerting pulling forces in both directions
4. chromosomes begin to move to center of the cell
5. cohesion proteins bind sister chromatids together
6. nonkinetochore and astral microtubules stabilise the cell

A

prometaphase

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16
Q

why do cohesion proteins bind sister chromatids together in prometaphase?

A

to prevent them from separating early!

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17
Q

in ______,
1. chromosomes are fully condensed
2. chromosomes align to metaphase plate
3. sister chromatids are still attached to kinetochore microtubules extended from centrosomes
4. mitotic spindle fully developed

A

metaphase

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18
Q

in ______,
1. sister chromatids separate
2. daughter chromosomes move towards opposite poles and congregate at centrosomes
3. non-kinetochore and astral microtubules polymerise, elongating the cell

A

anaphase

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19
Q

“_______”: sister chromatids separate

A

disjunction

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20
Q

in _____, cohesion proteins break down and kinetochore microtubules depolymerise

A

disjunction (when sister chromatids separate in anaphase)

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21
Q

in ______ & ______,
1. non-kinetochore microtubules continue polymerising (elongating the cell)
2. nuclear envelope redevelops
3. chromosomes decondense
4. cytokinesis divides the cytoplasmic contents equally between daughter cells
5. nucleolus reforms to continue creating proteins/ribosomes again

A

telophase/cytokinesis

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22
Q

what does cytokinesis form in plants to divide the two daughter cells? in animals?

A
  1. cell plate
  2. contractile ring and cleavage furrow
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23
Q

during mitosis the number of chromosomes _____

A

doesn’t change

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24
Q

during mitosis, the number of chromatids _____

A

doubles in S phase, goes back to normal after anaphase

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25
if we have 2ng of DNA in G1, we have ____ after S phase and ____ after anaphase (M phase)
1. 4ng 2. 2ng
26
_________, pass if cell size is adequate, nutrients are available, presence of growth factors
G1 checkpoint
27
what do growth factors do?
regulate cyclin kinases
28
______, pass if DNA replication is complete and base-pair mismatches/errors are removed
S-phase checkpoint
29
_____, pass if cell size is adequate, chromosome replication is complete
G2 checkpoint
30
_______, pass if all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle
metaphase checkpoint
31
which 3 of the 4 main checkpoints does a cell HAVE to pass to continue on in the cell cycle?
G1, S-phase, G2 the cell can still function if it doesn't pass the metaphase checkpoint
32
meiosis has ___ rounds of cell division
2
33
is there DNA replication between meiosis I and II?
no!
34
_____ -homologous chromosomes separate, ploidy level is halved
meiosis I
35
____- sister chromatids separate
meiosis II
36
which phase of meiosis is most similar to mitosis?
meiosis II
37
what are the three main hallmark events of meiosis I?
1. homologous chromosome pairing 2. crossing over between homologous chromosomes 3. segregation of homologous chromosomes
38
what does chromosome synapsis mean?
crossing over!
39
crossing over between homologous chromosomes results in ____
recombination
40
where does recombination occur?
at chiasmata (crossing-over sites)
41
what are the five sub-stages of prophase I?
leptotene and zygotene, pachytene and diplotene, diakinesis
42
______: chromosomes are duplicated, chromosomes condense but not visible, centrosomes migrate to poles, spindle fibers produced
leptotene
43
_____: chromosomes continue condensing, homologous pairs enter synapsis (forming the synaptonemal complex), meiotic spindle forms, and the nuclear envelope begins to break down
zygotene
44
what is the synaptonemal complex?
3-layer structure that forms during prophase I, tightly binds non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
45
______: chromosome condensation is partially complete, synapsed homologs are seen as bivalents (tetrads), crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids (formation of chiasmata), kinetochore microtubules attach to the kinetochores, nuclear envelope breakdown continues
pachytene
46
_____: crossing over is complete, synaptonemal complex dissolves but chiasmata remain, tetrads are completely visible, the nuclear envelope is fully dissolved
diplotene
47
_____: meiotic spindle established, homologous chromosomes tethered to poles via spindle fibers, nuclear envelope fully degraded, tetrads move to cell middle
diakinesis
48
______: tetrads align at to the metaphase plate, homologous pairs are tethered to opposite poles, kinetochores of sister chromatids are attached to the same centromere and joined by cohesion proteins, chiasmata linking non-sister chromatids are broken
metaphase I
49
metaphase I allows recombination via ______
independent assortment
50
independent assortment allows for ____ different combinations (where n= number of homologous pairs)
2^(n-1)
51
anaphase I (_____ of alleles)
segregation
52
______: kinetochore microtubules depolymerise, disjunction occurs (pulling homologies to opposite poles), sister chromatids remain attached by cohesion, ploidy level has now been reduced by half
anaphase I
53
_____ & ________: nuclear membrane re-form around chromosomes, chromosomes partially decondense, cytokinesis divided the cytoplasmic contents (which may now be uneven), progeny cells are now haploid
telophase I and cytokinesis
54
___: 1. nuclear envelope breaks down 2. centrosomes duplicate and migrate to poles 3. microtubules form 4. chromosomes recondense
prophase II
55
_____: 1. sister chromatids attached to kinetochore 2. align at metaphase plate
metaphase II
56
_____: 1. sister chromatids separate, breakdown of cohesion proteins 2. kinetochore microtubules deploymerise (shorten) 3. sister chromatids move to opposite poles
anaphase II
57
_____ & _____: 1. chromosome migration complete 2. chromosomes decondense 3. nuclear envelope reforms 4. cytokinesis divided the cytoplasm
telophase II and cytokinesis
58
chromatids are _____ in S-phase, then ____ in meiosis I and then _____ again in meiosis II
1. doubled 2. halved 3. halved
59
number of chromosomes stay _____ in S-phase, then are _____ in meiosis I and remain ____ in meiosis II
1. the same 2. halved 3. halved
60
how many chromosomes and chromatids does a gamete have?
23 chromosomes, 23 chromatids
61
_______= failed chromosomal separation
nondisjunction
62
where does nondisjunction occur?
meiosis I or II
63
what does nondisjunction cause?
aneuploidy, missing or extra chromosomes
64

Genetics 1 (11 decks)

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