Topic 1-Class Differences in Acheivement-External Factors

Question 1

Bernstein
-speechcodes

Answer 1

The restricted code:WC,limited vocab,short unfinished gramatically simple sentences,descriptive not analytical,context bound,single word
The elaborated:MC,complex sentences,wider vocab/context free,communicates abstact ideas =effective tool for analysing and reasoning=essentail for school=access to mainstream

Question 2

Engelmann and Bereiter
-language

Answer 2

claim that language in lower class homes is deficient(lacking)=children fail to develop the necessary language skills

Question 3

Douglas

Answer 3

WC placed less value on education=underachievement

Question 4

Feinstein
-parents education

Answer 4

parents educational behaviors-
put their children in activities-Parents with education were more of aware on what is needed for success in education.So they tended to engage in behaviours such as reading, educational trips, and fostering relationships with teachers.
parenting style-
Educated parents had high discipline and expectations=supports achievement by encouraging active learning and exploration.Less educated parents tend to be harsher and more inconsistent with discipline.
use of income-
MC spend income in useful resources to stimulate and promote their children’s educational success.
Class, income, and parental education-
whilst better paid middle class parents tend to succeed to a greater standard, it is noted by Feinstein that parents education is key regardless of class and income. Even within social class parents with better educations tend to have better achieving children.

Question 5

Subculture

Answer 5

a group whose attitudes and values differ from that of mainstream culture

Question 6

Sugarman

Answer 6

Fatalism-“whatever will be,will be” -belief in fate and there is nothing you can do to change your status
Collectivism-more value to succeeding as a group rather then individual.
Immediate gratification-seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices to get future rewards
Present time orientation-present more important than future=no long term goals

Question 7

Compensatory education

Answer 7

Aims to tackle the problem of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to schools and communities in deprived areas.

Question 8

Operation Head Start

Answer 8

In the USA, aims to plan enrichment-so deprived children can develop skills and have an achievement motivation-includes parents classes,visits from educational psychologists,nursery classes.

Question 9

Sure start

Answer 9

Britain

Question 10

Educational Action Zone

Answer 10

Britain

Question 11

Keddie

Answer 11

Sees cultural deprivation as a myth and victim-blaming explanation. Dismisses the idea that failure in school is due to background classes.WC are simply cultural diff not culturally deprived.
Fail cause they are put in a disadvantage by the school system as it teaches the MC values

Question 12

Material deprivation
-what factors can cause underachievement…

Answer 12

Housing-
overcrowing,temporary accommodations-cold or damp housing
Diet and health-
Howard notes young people from poor houses have lower intake of energy ,vitamins,mineral +Wilkinson states they have emotional and behavioral problems with higher rates of hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders
Cost of education-
Bull refers to the hidden costs of school(uniforms,transport,
equipment,calc)-children will have to do with handy downs=bullying
Fear of debt-
Jackson found student are more debt averse-saw debt negatively-live at homes and save travel cost-lost high uni chances given up ,worked part time jobs

Question 13

Cultural Capital
Bourdieu-three types of Capitals

Answer 13

-economic capital, educational capital,cultural capital,(social capital).

Question 14

Cultural capital

Answer 14

refers to the knowledge,attitudes,values,
language,tastes,abilities of the MC.MC have advantage-through socialization they have the ability to grasp and analyse abstract ideas.

Question 15

Social capital

Answer 15

The connects an individual has

Question 16

Educational+Economic Capital

Answer 16

.Mc better equipped to meet schools demand
.Wealthy parents convert their economic capital to educational capital-send their children into private schools and paying extra tuiton

Question 17

Case Study-Sullivan
-wanted to asses cultural capital

Answer 17

.Used questionnaires to conduct a survey of 465 students
.Assessed their cultural capital by asking questions about the activities they do,Tv shows, whether they visited museums, theaters etc+tasted their vocab and knowledge
.Found=those that watched documentaries had wider knowledge and vocab=people with greater cultural capital likely to be children from graduates+successful in GCSEs
.Found that even if WC and MC still had the same cultural capital MC still did better.=because MC had greater aspirations+resources (A02)therefore cultural capital only accounted for part of the class difference in achievement.
Sullivan concludes that the greater resources and aspirations of MC families explain the remainder of the class gap in achievement.

Question 18

Feinstein

Answer 18

Found that educated parents of the middle class were more likely to use challenging language to improve cognitive performance of their children. Less education parents were more likely to use simpler language which puts a limitation on their child’s performance.

Question 19

Material deprivation

Answer 19

Refers to poverty and a lack of material necessities.