Topic 1 - Concepts of Health & Disease

Question 1

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.

Answer 1

Health

Question 2

Primary role is to direct and coordinate international health within the United Nations system. Its main areas of work are health systems, health through the life-course, non-communicable & communicable diseases, preparedness, surveillance & response and corporate services.

Answer 2

World Health Organization (WHO - 1948)

Question 3

The decision-making body of the WHO, comprised of health ministers from member states, who determine the WHO’s policies and approve the programme budget.

Answer 3

World Health Assembly (WHA - 1977)

Question 4

Where is the Health Assembly held annually?

Answer 4

Geneva, Switzerland

Question 5

Every 10 years (since 1979), the US Department of ______ & _____ ________ sets data-driven national objectives to improve health and well-being over the next decade.

Answer 5

US Department of Health & Human Services

Question 6

The conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning and quality-of-life outcomes and risks.

Answer 6

Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)

Question 7

The overarching goals of _______ ______ ____ include:
- Attain healthy, thriving lives and well-being free of preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death
- Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity and attain health literacy to improve the health and well-being of all
- Create social, physical and economic environments that promote attaining the full potential for health and well-being for all
- Promote healthy development, healthy behaviours and well-being across all life stages
- Engage leadership, key constituents and the public across multiple sectors to take action and design policies that improve the health and well-being of all

Answer 7

Healthy People 2030

Question 8

The main Government of Canada agency responsible for public health in Canada.

Answer 8

Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)

Question 9

______ ______ ______ of ______ services and information provided include:
- Public Health Notices
- Chronic Diseases
- Travel Health
- Food Safety
- Immunization & Vaccines
- Biosafety & Biosecurity
- Emergency Preparedness & Response
- Injury Prevention
- Health Promotion

Answer 9

Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)

Question 10

Under the Canadian constitution, health care falls largely under the authority of the _________. Only the provincial government has the power to pass laws governing the financing and delivery of health services to the majority of Canadians.

Answer 10

Provinces

Question 11

______ ______ in Ontario is under the responsibility of the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care.

Answer 11

Public Health

Question 12

What are the 3 main focuses of Ontario’s public health programs?

Answer 12

1) Prevention
2) Screening
3) Education

Question 13

Public health programs are delivered across the province by ___ public health units.

Answer 13

36

Question 14

Government health agencies that are set up by one or more municipalities to provide community health programs and these programs are carried out by full-time, specially qualified staff.

Answer 14

Public Health Units

Question 15

Runs a public health unit and reports to a local board of health, which is largely made up of elected representatives from the local municipal councils. The ministry shares the cost of public health programs with the municipalities.

Answer 15

Medical Officer of Health

Question 16

An interruption, cessation or disorder of a body system or organ structure that is characterized by a recognized etiologic agent, an identifiable group of signs and symptoms or consistent anatomic alterations.

Answer 16

Disease

Question 17

The study of disease process affecting the physiological functions of the body.

Answer 17

Pathophysiology

Question 18

The study of the nature and cause of disease, which involves changes in structures and function.

Answer 18

Pathology

Question 19

A microorganism that causes a disease.

Answer 19

Pathogen

Question 20

A disease or abnormal condition can involve _____ changes at the organ or system level, and/or microscopic changes at the cellular level.

Answer 20

Gross

Question 21

Performed on living tissue by pathology laboratory studies to establish the cause of a disease. Involves a small amount of tissue being excised and then examined.

Answer 21

Biopsy

Question 22

A biopsy that is performed after death and is often referred to as a post-mortem examination.

Answer 22

Autopsy

Question 23

The study of the causative factors in a particular disease and there may be one or many causative factors.

Answer 23

Etiology

Question 24

Fill in the blanks for the recognized etiological agents:
1) __________ agents (e.g. bacteria, viruses)
2) ________ trauma (e.g. trauma, burns, radiation)
3) ________ agents (e.g. poisons, alcohol)
4) ___________ excesses and deficits

Answer 24

Biological
Physical
Chemical
Nutritional

Question 25

Term used to describe when a disease is present at birth.

Answer 25

Congenital

Question 26

Term used to describe when a disease surfaces later in life.

Answer 26

Acquired

Question 27

Term used when the cause of the disease is unknown.

Answer 27

Idiopathic

Question 28

Term used when a treatment, procedure or error may cause a disease.

Answer 28

Iatrogenic

Question 29

Factors that indicate a risk for a disease.

Answer 29

Predisposing Factors

Question 30

The following are all examples of ____________ factors. - Race - Age - Sex - Socioeconomic status - Nutrition - Weight - Blood glucose levels - Smoking - Activity

Answer 30

Predisposing Factors

Question 31

Elements that cause or contribute to the occurrence of a disorder versus causing the disorder itself.

Answer 31

Precipitating Factors

Question 32

The following are all examples of common _____________ factors of asthma attacks. - Mold - Pet dander - Dust mites - Colds - Strong smells - Pollen - Cockroaches - Weather - Smoke - Exercise

Answer 32

Precipitating

Question 33

__________ of disease is closely linked to etiology and predisposing factors for a specific disease.

Answer 33

Prevention

Question 34

A type of prevention measure that includes vaccination, safety equipment, staying active/fit and removing risk factors.

Answer 34

Primary Prevention

Question 35

A type of prevention measure that detects disease early when it's still asymptomatic and treatment measures can affect a cure or stop it from progressing.

Answer 35

Secondary Prevention

Question 36

A type of prevention measure that involves clinical intervention to prevent further deterioration or reduce the complications of disease once it has been diagnosed.

Answer 36

Tertiary Prevention

Question 37

Refers to the sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiological agent until the ultimate expression of disease.

Answer 37

Pathogenesis

Question 38

The onset of disease can be _____ or _________.

Answer 38

Acute Insidious

Question 39

The onset of disease that is sudden and obvious, such as gastroenteritis with vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramps.

Answer 39

Acute

Question 40

The onset of disease that has a gradual progression with vague or mild symptoms, such as hepatitis in some cases.

Answer 40

Insidious

Question 41

Indicates a short-term illness that develops quickly with marked signs and symptoms.

Answer 41

Acute Disease

Question 42

A milder condition which develops gradually. It persists for a long period of time, usually causes more permanent tissue damage and is sometimes marked by intermittent acute episodes.

Answer 42

Chronic Disease

Question 43

The course or progress of a disease may be marked by __________ and _____________.

Answer 43

Remissions Exacerbations

Question 44

The manifestations of a disease subside during a _________.

Answer 44

Remission

Question 45

The manifestations of a disease increase during an ____________.

Answer 45

Exacerbation

Question 46

Exists in those conditions where pathological changes occur, but no obvious manifestations are exhibited by the patient, perhaps because of great reserve capacity of an organ.

Answer 46

Subclinical State

Question 47

What are the 5 stages of an infectious disease?

Answer 47

1) Incubation Period 2) Prodromal Period 3) Acute/Clinical Stage 4) Convalescent/Carrier Stage 5) Resolution

Question 48

An initial latent or silent stage. A time between exposure to the microorganism and the onset of signs and symptoms. Time period is variable and disease agent is communicable during this period.

Answer 48

Incubation Period

Question 49

The time in the early development of disease when the body is undergoing changes, but signs and symptoms are non-specific.

Answer 49

Prodromal Period

Question 50

The time of appearance of more specific signs and symptoms and includes the period of illness and decline.

Answer 50

Acute/Clinical Stage

Question 51

The time when the individual harbours an organism, but does not have an active infection. This person can transmit the infection to others.

Answer 51

Convalescent/Carrier Stage

Question 52

The time of total elimination of the pathogen without residual signs and symptoms of the disease.

Answer 52

Resolution

Question 53

The clinical evidence of effect of a disease that can be local (found at the site of the problem) or systemic (involving multiple organ systems of the body).

Answer 53

Clinical Manifestations

Question 54

Any perceptible change in the body or function that indicates disease or pathology. It is considered to be subjective, meaning the information is based on the patient's personal perception of what they are feeling.

Answer 54

Symptom

Question 55

Headache, fatigue, nausea and pain are examples of ________.

Answer 55

Symptoms

Question 56

An objective indicator of a disease. A manifestation that is noted by an observer.

Answer 56

Sign

Question 57

Fever, swelling, skin rash and high blood pressure are examples of _____.

Answer 57

Signs

Question 58

May be related to the primary disorder or they may represent the body's attempt to compensate for the altered function caused by the pathologic condition. Usually occurs together in response to certain conditions.

Answer 58

Signs/Symptoms (S/S)

Question 59

A collection of signs/symptoms that often affect more than one organ and indicate the presence of a specific disorder.

Answer 59

Syndrome

Question 60

Refers to the designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem. It usually requires a careful history, physical examination and sometimes additional diagnostic tests.

Answer 60

Diagnosis

Question 61

Secondary or additional problems that arise after the original disease begins, such as the development of congestive heart failure following a heart attack.

Answer 61

Complications

Question 62

Changes that massage therapists take into consideration, such as an ankle sprain causing hip issues due to limping.

Answer 62

Compensatory Factors

Question 63

The potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition (disease or injury), such as paralysis following recovery from a stroke. It is an after-effect or consequence.

Answer 63

Sequelae

Question 64

Treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow progress of a disease. These can include: - Drug therapy - Surgery - Physiotherapy - Massage therapy

Answer 64

Therapeutic Interventions

Question 65

The period of recovery and return to the normal health state that may last for several days or months.

Answer 65

Convalescence (aka. Rehabilitation)

Question 66

The likelihood of recovery, partial recovery or other outcomes.

Answer 66

Probability

Question 67

Indicates the disease rates within a group. It is sometimes used to indicate the function impairment that certain conditions cause within a population.

Answer 67

Morbidity (Incidence / Population)

Question 68

Indicates the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease.

Answer 68

Mortality (Deaths / Population)

Question 69

The study of disease occurrence in the human population and looks for patterns of persons affected with a particular disorder.

Answer 69

Epidemiology

Question 70

Looks at when a disease happens and these findings help to determine how a disease is spread as well as how to control, prevent and eliminate a disease.

Answer 70

Epidemiologist

Question 71

_________ and __________ are measures of disease frequency and disease occurrence. Both are typically reported as rates.

Answer 71

Incidence Prevalence

Question 72

_______ cases be either existing cases or newly diagnosed cases within a given period.

Answer 72

Disease

Question 73

Refers to the number of new, old or pre-existing cases within a specific population and time period.

Answer 73

Prevalence (All Cases)

Question 74

Reflects the number of new cases arising in a population at risk within a stated time period.

Answer 74

Incidence (New Cases)

Question 75

Occur when there are higher than expected numbers of cases of an infectious disease within a given area.

Answer 75

Epidemic

Question 76

Involve a higher number of cases in many regions of the globe.

Answer 76

Pandemic

Question 77

Infections that can spread from one person to another.

Answer 77

Communicable Diseases

Question 78

Must be reported by the physician to certain designated authorities to prevent further spread of disease. In Ontario, it would be to the Medical Officer of Health in the local public health unit.

Answer 78

Cases Requiring Notification (aka. Reportable Disease)

Question 79

Examples of __________ diseases include: - Measles - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) - Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Answer 79

Reportable

Question 80

Refers to progression and projected outcome of the disease without medical intervention.

Answer 80

Natural History

Question 81

The study of _______ _______ can be used to: - Determine disease outcome - Establish priorities for health care services - Determine the effects of screening and early detection programs on disease outcomes - Compare results of new treatments with the expected outcome without treatment - Study prognosis

Answer 81

Natural History

Question 82

Refers to the probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease and is often presented in relation to treatment options.

Answer 82

Prognosis

Question 83

Removal of visible dust, soil, and other foreign material.

Answer 83

Cleaning

Question 84

Reduction in microbial population on an inanimate object to a safe or relatively safe level.

Answer 84

Sanitizing (aka. Sanitization)

Question 85

Removing disease-producing microorganisms and rendering objects safe for handling.

Answer 85

Decontamination

Question 86

What are the 2 types of decontamination?

Answer 86

1) Disinfection 2) Sterilization

Question 87

A type of decontamination that involves killing or destroying most disease-producing microorganisms. It is generally used on inanimate objects, and rarely kills all spores.

Answer 87

Disinfection

Question 88

The 6 types of _____________ include: - Alcohol - Halogens - Phenolic - Ammonia Compounds - Aldehydes - Heat

Answer 88

Disinfectants

Question 89

A disinfectant that kills fungi, bacteria (including TB) and eventually viruses. It is not effective on spores and is often used on thermometers and skin.

Answer 89

Alcohol

Question 90

What are the 2 types of halogens?

Answer 90

1) Chlorine 2) Iodine

Question 91

A halogen that is meant for bacteria and viruses (including Hep B/HIV). It is not effective on spores and is often used on toilets, bathtubs and laundry/hydrotherapy tanks. It commonly dilutes bleach 1:9 water.

Answer 91

Chlorine

Question 92

A halogen that has a similar effect of chlorine and can be used on skin.

Answer 92

Iodine

Question 93

A disinfectant that is meant for bacteria and viruses, but not spores. It is used on floors, walls and furnishings.

Answer 93

Phenolic

Question 94

A disinfectant that is meant for bacteria and viruses, but not spores. It is used on floors and walls, but never on instruments.

Answer 94

Ammonia Compunds

Question 95

A disinfectant that is considered a toxic substance and meant for bacteria, fungi, viruses as well as spores.

Answer 95

Aldehydes

Question 96

A disinfectant that is used for washing, rinsing and boiling in water.

Answer 96

Heat

Question 97

A type of decontamination that kills all forms of microorganisms (harmful or not), including bacteria, viruses, fungi and spores.

Answer 97

Sterilization

Question 98

The 3 types of ___________ include: - Thermal - Irradiation - Chemical

Answer 98

Sterilizers

Question 99

What are the 2 types of thermal sterilizers?

Answer 99

1) Moist 2) Dry

Question 100

A type of thermal sterilizer in which steam autoclave kills everything (121°C for 10-30 minutes).

Answer 100

Moist

Question 101

A type of thermal sterilizer utilizing hot air oven (160°C for 60 minutes).

Answer 101

Dry

Question 102

A sterilizer that includes UV light and ionizing.

Answer 102

Irradiation

Question 103

A sterilizer that is generally unreliable.

Answer 103

Chemical

Question 104

Used on living tissue and inhibits the growth of dangerous microorganisms.

Answer 104

Antiseptic