topic 1 - diet and health

Question 1

describe the associeted risk to health from a bad diet

Answer 1

• increased LDL cholestereol
• increased atheroa formation
• high salt increases blood pressure

Question 2

describe the associeted risk to health from high blood pressure

Answer 2

• increased damage to endothilium in artery walls
• increased atheromas forming

Question 3

describe the associeted risk to health from smoking

Answer 3

• CO combines with haemoglobin reducing its oxygen carrying capacity
• this decreases respiration in cells in brain and heart which ca lead to heart attack or stroke
• nicotine increases risk of thrombosis as it increases agglutination
• decreases levels of antioxidants in the blood which leads to increased damage of endothilium

Question 4

how do you increase the validity of data

Answer 4

• increase sample size
• statistical tests carried out
• add a control
• repeat study
• control variables not being tested

Question 5

what treatments are there for CVD?

Answer 5

• anthypertensives
• statins
• anticoagulants
• platelet inhibitors

Question 6

describe how antihypertensives work + give a risk

Answer 6

• lower blood pressure reducing the risk of damage to endothilium
• can give side effects of headaches, drowsinness, palpitations

Question 7

describe how statins work + give a risk

Answer 7

• reduce the level of LDL cholesterol in the blood
• by blocking an enzyme in the liver that produces cholesterol
• need to be taken long term
  -may give patients a false sense of security making them return to an unhealthy lifestyle

Question 8

decribe how anticoagulants work + give a risk

Answer 8

• reduce blood clotting reducing chance of thrombosis
• can cause excessive bleeding if injury occurs
• can damage foetus

Question 9

decribe how platelet inhibitors work + give a risk

Answer 9

• reduce blood clotting
• prevent clumping of platelets
• eg aspirin
• excessive bleeding if injured

Question 10

what does ABBA represent

Answer 10

alpha has OH above
Beta has OH below

Question 11

what are the functions of monosaccharides?

Answer 11

• store energy
• ## combine through condensation reactions to form larger carbohydrates

Question 12

how is the structure of glucose related to its function?

Answer 12

• soluable so it can be transported easily
• many covelant bonds that store energy

Question 13

what bond forms between two monosaccharides

Answer 13

glycosidic bonds

Question 14

what process breaks a glycosidic bond ?

Answer 14

hydrolysis

Question 15

give 3 examples of disacharides

Answer 15

maltose
sucrose
lactose

Question 16

what monosaccharides is maltose made up from?

Answer 16

2 x glucose with a 1,4 glycosidic bond

Question 17

what monosaccharides is sucrose made up from?

Answer 17

glucose+fructose
1,2 glycosidic bond

Question 18

what monosaccharides is lactose made up from?

Answer 18

glucose and galactose
1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 19

what is the function of disaccharides?

Answer 19

• provide body with a quick release energy source
• easily soluable in water for transport
• sweet in taste

Question 20

give 3 examples of polysaccharides

Answer 20

starch, glycogen and cellulose

Question 21

describe the structure of starch

Answer 21

• storage in plants
• glycosidic bonds between glucose
• made up of amylose and amylopectin

Question 22

describe amylose

Answer 22

• unbranched, helix shape
• 1,4 glycosidic bonds
• more compact so can be stored

Question 23

describe amylopectin

Answer 23

• branched molecule
• 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
• branches allow for it to be easily hydrolysed

Question 24

describe the structure of glycogen

Answer 24

• highly branched
• 1,4 and 1,6 bonds
• alpha glucose

Question 25

describe the structure of cellulose

Answer 25

- b glucose - 1,4 bonds - long chains, unbranched - microfibrils between chains held together by hydrogen bonds giving it its high tensile strength