Topic 1: functional groups

Question 1

Define functional group

Answer 1

Specific structural features

Question 2

What is the functional group for alcohols?

Answer 2

• Hydroxyl group
• OH

Question 3

What is the functional group for alkenes?

Answer 3

C=C

Question 4

What is the functional group for alkynes?

Answer 4

C≡C

Question 5

What is the functional group for arenes?

Answer 5

• Aromatic alkenes
• Ring + 3 C=C

Question 6

What is the functional group for alkyl halides?

Answer 6

• Carbon single bond to electronegative atom e.g. F, Cl, Br, I
  R-C-X = primary
  RR-C-X = secondary
  RRR-C-X = tertiary

Question 7

What is the functional group for ethers?

Answer 7

C-O-C
- Internal O

Question 8

What is the functional group of esters?

Answer 8

O=C-O
- Internal

Question 9

What is the functional group for phosphates?

Answer 9

• Carbon single bond to phosphate group

Question 10

What is the functional group of amines?

Answer 10

• Carbon single bond to N
  NH3
  NH2R = primary
  NHRR = secondary
  NRRR = tertiary

Question 11

What is the functional group of amides?

Answer 11

O=C-NH2

Question 12

What is the functional group for sulfur?

Answer 12

R-S-H = Thiols
R-S-R = Sulfides
R-S-S-R = Disufides

Question 13

What is the functional group for aldehydes?

Answer 13

• End terminal
  O=C-H

Question 14

What is the functional group of ketones?

Answer 14

• Internal
  C=O

Question 15

What is the functional group of carboxylic acid?

Answer 15

O=C-OH

Question 16

General chemical formula for alkanes

Answer 16

CnH2n+2

Question 17

Define the Lewis/Kekule structure

Answer 17

• Structure with all the bond lines shown drawn out

Question 18

Define condensed structure

Answer 18

• Structure where the bonds aren’t shown but written out
• E.g. C2H6 > CH3CH3

Question 19

Define skeletal structure

Answer 19

• Structure where it is represented with just lines and each point represents a carbon

Question 20

Explain how to name a molecule

Answer 20

• Find longest continuous carbon chain = core name
• Number the carbons
• Should be numbered in a way the branches have the lowest number

Question 21

What are the different alkyl groups/branches?

Answer 21

• 1C = Methyl group
• 2C = Ethyl group
• 3C = Propyl group
  > n-propyl = if straight chain
  > Isopropyl = 2 CH3 attached to CH
• 4C = Butyl group
  > n-butyl = if straight chain
  > Isobutyl = 3C with middle 1 attached to CH3
  > Secbutyl = CH3 attached to secondary carbon + less branched then isobutyl
  > Tertbutyl = CH3 attached to tertiary carbon all branched