Topic 1. General doctrine of the disease, etiology and pathogenesis.

Question 1

Give the definition of health

Answer 1

Health is a state of total physical, mental and social welfare of a person and not only the absence of diseases or physical defects

Question 2

Give the main factors that can affect health

Answer 2

the social and economic environment,
the physical environment, and
the person’s individual characteristics and behaviours.
Income and social status
Education
Physical environment
Social support networks
Genetics
Health services
Gender

Question 3

Define disease as a biological, medical and social problem

Answer 3

Disease is a disorder of physical and mental welfare of a person caused by harmful effect, which results in limited adaptive capacity and working ability of the organism increasing the probability of death

Question 4

Give the four stages in the development of diseases which develop in 4 stages

Answer 4

Latent period
Prodromal period
Period of pronounced manifestations and expressed clinical signs
Outcome

Question 5

What is the latent period?

Answer 5

No clinical signs

Question 6

Wat is the prodromal period?

Answer 6

The first clinical symptoms appear which are common in many diseases

Question 7

What is the period of pronounced manifestations and expressed clinical signs?

Answer 7

Signs specific of this disease

Question 8

Give examples of diseases which progress in three stages

Answer 8

Cardiovascular, endocrine, allergic

Question 9

Give the stages of the three stage progression model of a disease

Answer 9

Beginning
Stage of disease proper
Outcome

Question 10

What are the three possible outcomes of a disease?

Answer 10

Recovery (complete/incomplete)
Transformation into a chronic form or pathological state
Death with pre-agony, agony, clinical and then biological death

Question 11

Define aetiology

Answer 11

Aetiology is a teaching about causes and conditions of a disease

Question 12

What is the issue with causality in aetiology?

Answer 12

It is difficult to distinguish causative factors from disease promoting conditions

Question 13

What is the meaning of cause in the occurrence of a disease?

Answer 13

Th cause is the reason that the disease occurred. Without it the disease would not have occurred regardless of the conditions present

Question 14

What is the meaning of a condition with respect to the development of a disease?

Answer 14

Exogenous and endogenous conditions which can modify the aetiological factor to either promote or prevent the occurrence of the disease

Question 15

What are risk factors?

Answer 15

Risk factors are those factors which can be causes or promoting conditions for a disease

Question 16

What is causalism in disease development?

Answer 16

An overestimation of the role of causes and an underestimation of the role of conditions

Question 17

What is conditionalism in disease development?

Answer 17

An overestimation of the role of conditions and an underestimation of the role of causes

Question 18

State the concept of pathogenesis

Answer 18

Pathogenesis is mechanisms of disease development and outcome after etiological factor action

Question 19

Describe the two types of cause and effect relationship in pathogenesis?

Answer 19

The aetiological factor initiates a pathological process and then disappears so the pathological process develops in the absence of the aetiological factor (radiation, trauma)

The cause continues its action throughout all the periods of disease development (infectious disease) so the aetiological factor permeates the pathological process and influences it

Question 20

What is the primary damage?

Answer 20

It is the first step in the pathological process caused by the etiological factor

Question 21

What are secondary damages?

Answer 21

They are subsequent steps in the pathological process caused by the original aetiological factor

Question 22

What is the main link of pathogenesis?

Answer 22

It is the process necessary for the development of all others such as insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.

Question 23

What is a vicious circle?

Answer 23

In the case of a vicious circle the subsequent pathogenetic link stimulates the previous one. The process cannot end without help and becomes endless.

Question 24

Give the relationship of pathological (destructive) and adaptively-compensatory (protective) effects in pathogenesis.

Answer 24

In any disease he organism resists injuries by developing defence (protective, adaptive, compensatory) reactions