Topic 1: Hazardous Earth

Question 1

If there is less air at the surface, what would the air pressure be like?

Answer 1

There would be ‘low pressure’.

Question 2

If there is more air at the surface, what is the air pressure like?

Answer 2

There would be ‘high pressure’.

Question 3

What happens when air is heated? Why?

Answer 3

The heated air rises because it is less dense.

Question 4

When air cools, does the density increase or decrease?

Answer 4

The density increases.

Question 5

Name the three circulatory cells.

Answer 5

Hadley cells
Ferrel cells
Polar cells

Question 6

The Hadley Cells and the Ferrel Cells meet ___ north and south of the Equator.

Answer 6

30°

Question 7

What is Eccentricity?

Answer 7

The orbit of the Earth changing shape over long periods of time, approximately every 100,000 years.

Question 8

What is an Axial tilt?

Answer 8

The Earth not sitting with the North and South Poles exactly at the top and bottom of the planet.

Question 9

Where do the Hadley cells and the Ferrel cells meet?

Answer 9

Around 30° north and south of the equator. Both cells are returning air back towards the surface of the Earth so there is a zone of high pressure.

Question 10

What is Climate Change?

Answer 10

Climate change refers to how the average climactic conditions of the planet vary over time. The planet history is divided into periods and the climate during the Quarternary period has changed many times.

Question 11

What is Precession?

Answer 11

The earth rotating on an axis.

Question 12

What do volanic eruptions produce?

Answer 12

Ash

Sulphur Dioxide gas

Question 13

If the ash and gas rise high enough, they will be spread around the Earth in the ____________ by high level winds.

Answer 13

Stratosphere

Question 14

Tropical cyclones develop when Sea temperatures exceed ___

Answer 14

26°

Question 15

Winds rotate _______ at the top of a cyclone

Answer 15

Outwards

Question 16

____ moist air rises and pulls towards the centre

Answer 16

Warm

Question 17

Cyclones develop in ____ summer in the northern hemisphere

Answer 17

Late

Question 18

Cloud tops can reach up to _____km high

Answer 18

12-15

Question 19

A dense canopy of _____ cloud forms at the top

Answer 19

Cirrus

Question 20

Winds increase in strength at the ___ ____

Answer 20

Eye wall

Question 21

____________ clouds form

Answer 21

Cumulonimbus

Question 22

Each rings shows a ____ of growth

Answer 22

Year

Question 23

Changes in shape and size of tree rings can show __________ during that year

Answer 23

Conditions

Question 24

______ and ______ weather can show greater growth as the tree ring is bigger, ______ and _____ weather can mean rings are thinner

Answer 24

a. Warmer
b. Wetter

c. Cooler
d. Drier

Question 25

What gases that make up the atmosphere are the most important?

Answer 25

Nitrogen (78.1%) - plant growth Carbon Dioxide (0.03%) - taken in by plants, which breathe out oxygen Oxygen (20.9%) - breathed in by animals, which breathe out carbon dioxide Water Vapour (1%) - forms cloids, essential to the water cycle

Question 26

What is the percentage of Methane produced?

Answer 26

7%

Question 27

Where does Methane come from?

Answer 27

Gas pipeline leaks, farming rice in paddy fields, cattle farming.

Question 28

Warming power of Methane is __ times more powerful than CO2

Answer 28

21

Question 29

Percentage increase of Methane since 1850

Answer 29

+250%

Question 30

Percentage of Carbon Dioxide produced.

Answer 30

89%

Question 31

Where does Carbon Dioxide come from?

Answer 31

Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), deforestation with releases carbon dioxide

Question 32

Percentage increase of Methane since 1850.

Answer 32

+30%

Question 33

Percentage of Nitrous oxide produced?

Answer 33

3%

Question 34

Where does Nitrous oxide come from?

Answer 34

Jet aircrafts, cars and lorries, fertilisers and sewage farms

Question 35

Warming power of Nitrous oxide compared to CO2

Answer 35

250 times more powerful

Question 36

Percentage increase of nitrous oxide since 1850

Answer 36

+16%

Question 37

Sea levels rose by ___mm from 1870 to 2010

Answer 37

210mm

Question 38

Why does sea level rise?

Answer 38

Thermal expansion, glaciers and ice sheets melting

Question 39

Possible consequences of climate change

Answer 39

Rising sea levels cause coastal flooding, destruction of infrastructure, crops being destroyed. Rainfall Heat waves

Question 40

Cyclone develop mid _______ to _____ in the Southern Hemisphere

Answer 40

January to March

Question 41

Tropical cyclones only affect areas with the tropics? T or F

Answer 41

F

Question 42

What is the Saffron Simpson Scale used for?

Answer 42

A 1-5 rating wind scale based on a hurricane's maximum sustained wind speed

Question 43

A tropical cyclone (TC) is less intense than a tropical depression (TD) T or F

Answer 43

F

Question 44

What are Cyclones known as in the Indian Ocean.

Answer 44

Cyclone

Question 45

The Coriolls effect adds to the rotation of a tropical cyclone. T or F

Answer 45

F

Question 46

What does ITCZ stand for?

Answer 46

Inter Tropical Convergence Zone

Question 47

Which areas are tropical cyclones most likely to occur in? Why?

Answer 47

Low pressure, hurricanes need heat to form, which low pressure areas produce warmer air.

Question 48

The UK experience an average of 6 tropcal cyclones a year T or F

Answer 48

F

Question 49

Where is most solar radiation received?

Answer 49

At the equator

Question 50

When air is heated, why does it rise?

Answer 50

Because of low density

Question 51

The earth's rotation causes the wind in the North to deflect to the _____ and ____ in the South

Answer 51

a. Right | b. Left

Question 52

The cool, dry air moves out to ___ north and south of the equator.

Answer 52

30°

Question 53

At ___ north and south, warm surface air reaches cold air from the poles

Answer 53

60°

Question 54

Some air returns to the _______, and the rest to the _____

Answer 54

a. Equator | b. Poles

Question 55

What are the 5 areas of the global circulation system?

Answer 55

Arctic Circle Tropic Of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Antartic Circle

Question 56

What evidence is there to suggest human activity is causing climate change?

Answer 56

Sea level rise - Warmer temperatures causes glaciers to shrink and ice to melt (Melting of ice on land stores water on land - Sea levels risen 0.2m since 1901) Sea Ice Decline - Sea ice is formed at poles when ocean temp is -1.8°C - Melts during the summer - Extent of sea ice has decreased by 3% over last 35 years Extreme Weather - More heat waves since 1950 - More rainfall records broken (2013 - wettest year, 2015 Dec - Wettest month)

Question 57

What human activities cause the enhanced greenhouse effect?

Answer 57

Cattle farming Burning fossil fuels Industries using energy - demands for consumer goods

Question 58

Examples of Hazards

Answer 58

High winds Intense Rainfall Storm Surges Coastal Flooding Landslide

Question 59

Flat areas more vulnerable to Tropical chclones than places high up T or F

Answer 59

T

Question 60

Coastal areas are more vulnerable than inland locations T or F

Answer 60

T

Question 61

Middle age people are most vulnerable to the impacts of tropical cyclones T or F

Answer 61

T

Question 62

Rich people in societies are most vulnerable to the impacts of hazards

Answer 62

F

Question 63

What is the preparation?

Answer 63

What can be done before the event to minimise the disruption to people/environment

Question 64

What is the response?

Answer 64

The events afterwards that are put n place to help the recovery and get life back to normal.

Question 65

Why was Myanmar in Cyclone Nargis more impacted than USA in Hurricane Katrina?

Answer 65

Myanmar was more impacted than USA. This is because USA had better preparation, they had monitoring systems to warn everyone of an incoming Hurricane. They had a flood wall as defence, good wuality buildings to stop houses being destroyed. Myanmar didn't have that. They didn't have monitoring systems, so they weren't warned. They had poor quality shelter, so debris was everywhere. Their only defence were mangrove forests, but many had been cut, so they had no defence.

Question 66

What wa the magnitude for Katrina?

Answer 66

Category 3 at landfall

Question 67

What was the magnitude for Nargis?

Answer 67

Category 4 at landfall

Question 68

How many houses destroyed and people killed in Katrina?

Answer 68

More than 1800 killed 300,000 houses destroyed

Question 69

How many houses destroyed and how many people killed In Nargis?

Answer 69

140,000 people killed 450,000 houses destroyed

Question 70

Examples of convergent (oceanic and continental) plates

Answer 70

Nazca oceanic plate

Question 71

Examples of convergent (continental and continental) plates

Answer 71

South American continental plate

Question 72

Examples of Divergent plates

Answer 72

Eurasian Plate North American oceanic plate

Question 73

Examples of Conservative plates?

Answer 73

North American and Pacific Plates

Question 74

Features produced from Convergent (ocean and continental) plates

Answer 74

Volcanoes and ocean trenches and pool of magma

Question 75

Feature produced from Convergent (continental and continental) plates

Answer 75

Ground is folded and forced upwards to form mountain ranges

Question 76

Features produced from Divergent plates

Answer 76

Earthquakes up to 5.0 to 6.0 on the Richter scale

Question 77

Features produced from Conservative plates

Answer 77

Earthquakes up to 8.5 magnitude small Earth tremors almost daily

Question 78

Causes of composite volcanoes

Answer 78

Lava flows Andesitic lava Convergent plate boundary

Question 79

Causes of Shield volcanoes

Answer 79

Gentle sloping sodes Formed by eruptions of basaltic lava Frequent but gentle Divergent plate

Question 80

Causes of hotspot volanoes

Answer 80

Small long lasting regions exist within the mantle of the Earth Plume rises from the hot spot through the mantle