Topic 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Osteology

Question 1

define the standard anatomical position

Answer 1

Palms facing forwards
Legs shoulder width apart
Head straight

Question 2

describe sagittal plane

Answer 2

separates left and right
flexion and extension

Question 3

describe coronal plane

Answer 3

divides front and back
abduction and adduction

Question 4

describe transverse plan

Answer 4

divides top and bottom parts
rotation

Question 5

anterior

Answer 5

towards the front (ventral)

Question 6

posterior

Answer 6

towards the back (dorsal)

Question 7

superior

Answer 7

towards the head/top (cephalic)

Question 8

inferior

Answer 8

towards the feet/bottom (caudal)

Question 9

medial

Answer 9

towards the midline

Question 10

lateral

Answer 10

away from the midline

Question 11

proximal

Answer 11

towards the trunk

Question 12

distal

Answer 12

away from the trunk

Question 13

superficial

Answer 13

towards the surface

Question 14

deep

Answer 14

away from the surface

Question 15

major bones in the axial skeleton

Answer 15

skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, laryngeal skeleton

Question 16

major bones in appendicular skeleton

Answer 16

girdles (shoulder and pelvic), free limbs

Question 17

functions of the skeleton

Answer 17

support
protection
movement
mineral storage
red blood cell formation

Question 18

long bones

Answer 18

Longer than they are wide
Have a shaft and two expanded ends
Found in limbs
Examples: humerus, femur

Question 19

short bones

Answer 19

Roughly equal length and width
No shaft
Found in hands and feet
Examples: carpals, tarsals

Question 20

flat bones

Answer 20

Thin, flattened bones
Usually form boundaries of cavities to protect underlying structures
Examples: cranial bones (e.g. frontal bone), sternum, ribs, scapulae

Question 21

irregular bones

Answer 21

Complex, mixed shapes
Do not fit into other categories
Examples: facial bones, vertebrae, hip bones

Question 22

seasmoid bones

Answer 22

Small, round bones
Develop within tendons
Protect tendon (muscle to bone)
Change the angle of tendon insertion to increase leverage for muscle contraction
Example: patella

Question 23

trochanter

Answer 23

Large, round projection (only on femur) attachment

Question 24

tuberosity

Answer 24

Rough projection (e.g. on hip bone/ischial tuberosities) attachment

Question 25

tubercle

Answer 25

Small, round projection (e.g. humerus) attachment

Question 26

head

Answer 26

Round, smooth projection at the end of a long bone (projection) (e.g. Head of humerus) articulation

Question 27

condyle

Answer 27

Round/egg-shaped, smooth projection (projection) (e.g. medial condyle on back of femur) articulation

Question 28

epicondyle

Answer 28

Raised projection on or above a condyle (e.g. on back of femur) attachment

Question 29

ramus

Answer 29

Branch-like projection (e.g. on mandible) attachment

Question 30

line

Answer 30

Low ridge (e.g. intertrochanteric line on front of femur) attachment

Question 31

ridge

Answer 31

Allows a muscle to attach to the bone

Question 32

spine

Answer 32

Pointed, slender projection (e.g. spine of scapula) attachment

Question 33

process

Answer 33

Any bony prominence (e.g. on vertebra/spinous process) attachment

Question 34

facet

Answer 34

Smooth, flat surface that forms a gliding joint with another flat bone or face

Question 35

fovea

Answer 35

Small, pit-like depression (fovea capitis on head of femur)

Question 36

fossa

Answer 36

Shallow depression (supraspinous fossa on scapula)

Question 37

groove

Answer 37

shallow furrow (intertubercular groove/sulcus on humerus)

Question 38

sulcus

Answer 38

Deep furrow (intertubercular groove/sulcus on humerus)

Question 39

foramen

Answer 39

Hole (foramen magnum on bottom of skull) opening/passageway

Question 40

meatus

Answer 40

Tubular passageway (external acoustic meatus or ear canal) opening/passageway

Question 41

canal

Answer 41

Tubular passageway (external acoustic meatus or ear canal) opening/passageway

Question 42

fissure

Answer 42

Narrow slit (superior orbital fissure in eye socket) opening/passageway

Question 43

sinus

Answer 43

Space or cavity (frontal sinus or sphenoidal sinus in skull) opening/passage way