topic 1 - key concepts and structure of the atom

Question 1

ammonia

Answer 1

NH3

Question 2

ammonium

Answer 2

NH4 +

Question 3

sulfate

Answer 3

SO4 2-

Question 4

hydroxide

Answer 4

OH -

Question 5

carbonate

Answer 5

CO3 2-

Question 6

nitrate

Answer 6

NO3 -

Question 7

hydrogen carbonate

Answer 7

HCO3 -

Question 8

oxidising

Answer 8

provides oxygen, allowing materials to burn more fiercely

Question 9

toxic

Answer 9

can cause death if ingested

Question 10

highly flammable

Answer 10

catches fire easily

Question 11

corrosive

Answer 11

destroys materials, including living tissues

Question 12

environmental hazard

Answer 12

harmful to organisms and the environment

Question 13

what is the role of risk assessments

Answer 13

they identify all hazards and their risks with likelihood and severity
ways to reduce/mitigate a risk are then considered

Question 14

whoa re the 4 main scientists involved in the history of the atom

Answer 14

DALTON
JJ THOMSON
RUTHERFORD
BOHR

Question 15

what did dalton say

Answer 15

described atoms as solid spheres

different spheres make up the different elements

Question 16

what did jj thomson say

Answer 16

atoms are not solid spheres
they contain smaller, negatively charged articles (electrons)
e proposed the PLUM PUDDING MODEL ( a positively charged pudding and electrons stuck in it)

Question 17

what was the gold foil experiment

Answer 17

rutherford conducted the gold foil experiment ; positively charged alpha particles were fired at a thin sheet of gold and instead of passing through or being slightly deflected, some were deflected more than expected or backwards ; THIS DISPROVED THE PLUM PUDDING MODEL

Question 18

what did rutherford say

Answer 18

he proposed the nuclear model
this says that there is a positively charged nucleus with a high concentration of the atom’s mass and a cloud of negatively electrons surround it with lots of empty space around them

Question 19

what did bohr say

Answer 19

scientists realised electrons in a cloud would be attracted to the nucleus, causing it to collapse
bohr proposed that electrons were arranged in energy levels which orbit the nucleus at a fixed radius and have a fixed energy

Question 20

atomic number

Answer 20

how many protons an atom has

Question 21

mass number

Answer 21

total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Question 22

isotope

Answer 22

different forms of the same element that has a different number of neutrons but the same number of protons

Question 23

RAM

Answer 23

the average mass of one atom of an element compared to one twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom

Question 24

how to calculate RAM of isotopes

Answer 24

total isotope abundance

Question 25

describe mendeleev’s periodic table

Answer 25

arrange known elements into groups according to their and their compounds properties
once organised according to increasing atomic mass, he found that those with similar chemical properties formed columns (some didn’t fit so were swapped or they didn’t fit because they has the wrong mass due to isotopes)
some gas were left for predicted by undiscovered elements

Question 26

what is a group on the periodic table

Answer 26

columns with elements with similar chemical properties

Question 27

what is a period on the periodic table

Answer 27

rows, each row represents another full shell of electrons

Question 28

what do group and period tell you about electron structure

Answer 28

group tells you how many electrons there are in the outer shell
period tells you how many shells there are