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Biology Unit 1 > Topic 1 - Lifestyle, health and risk > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Lifestyle, health and risk Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

What are emulsions?

A

Insoluble liquid droplets suspended in another liquid

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2
Q

What are suspensions?

A

Insoluble solid particles mixed with a liquid which needs to be stirred to stop it separating

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3
Q

Why does water have a high surface tension?

A

Its molecules form hydrogen bonds between each other but no such bonds form between the water and the air

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4
Q

What does amphoteric mean?

A

It can act as both an acid and a base

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5
Q

What is the biological use of water being a solvent?

A

Allows the chemical reactions within cells to take place in the water in the cell

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6
Q

What is the biological use of water having a high surface tension?

A

Used in plant transport systems

Life at the surface of ponds

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7
Q

What is the biological use of water being amphoteric?

A

Acts as a buffer

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8
Q

What are the main components of blood?

A

Plasma
Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
Leucocytes (White blood cells)
Platelets

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9
Q

What are the main features of plasma in the blood?

A

Main component of blood
Consists largely of water
Contains lots of dissolved substances
Contains fibrinogen for blood clotting

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10
Q

What are the main features of red blood cells?

A 
Biconcave
High density
Contain haemoglobin
Formed in red bone marrow of long bones
Live for 120 days
No nucleus
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11
Q

What are the main features of white blood cells?

A 
Larger than erythrocytes
Can change their shape
Much lower density than red blood cells
Contain nucleus
Contain cytoplasm
Formed in white bone marrow of short bones or in lymph glands and spleen
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12
Q

What are the main features of platelets?

A

Fragments of megakaryocytes found in bone marrow

Involved in blood clotting

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13
Q

What are the functions of blood plasma?

A 
Transport digested food products
Transport food molecules to cells
Transport excretory products
Transports hormones
Maintain a steady body temperature
Act as a pH buffer
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14
Q

How do haemoglobin molecules release oxygen?

A

Oxygenated blood approaches tissues
Small decrease in partial pressure
Large decrease in % oxygen saturation
Oxygen released

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15
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported to the lungs?

A

Diffuses into red blood cells
Combines with water -> carbonic acid (catalysed by carbonic anhydrase)
Dissociates to H+ and hydrogencarbonate ions (H2CO3)
Haemoglobin accepts H+ ion
Haemoglobonic acid formed
H2CO3 diffuses out and Cl- in

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16
Q

What substances do the platelets release at a cut?

A

Serotonin - causes muscle contraction

Thromoplastin

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17
Q

What are the events of blood clotting?

A

Platelets release thromboplastin
Thromboplastin catalyses prothrombin and Ca2+ into thrombin
Thrombin catalyses fibrinogen into fibrin
Fibrin forms a mesh of fibres trapping particles
Clot forms

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18
Q

Where does the systemic circulation carry blood to and from?

A

Oxygenated from heart to cells

Deoxygenated back to the heart

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19
Q

Where does the pulmonary circulation carry blood to and from?

A

Deoxygenated from heart to lungs

Oxygenated back to the heart

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20
Q

What are the advantages of a double circulation system?

A

Separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Different pressures

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21
Q

Where do arteries carry blood?

A

From the heart to the cells

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22
Q

What blood do arteries transport?

A

Most carry oxygenated

Pulmonary to lungs and umbilical from foetus to placenta carry deoxygenated

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23
Q

What are the main features of arteries?

A 
High pressure
External layer of tough tissue
Middle layer of elastic fibres and smooth muscle
Smooth lining
Small lumen when unstretched
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24
Q

How does the structure of arteries change closer to the heart?

A

Larger lumen
More elastin fibres
Larger artery

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25
What are the features of capillaries?
Link arterioles and venules Thin walls for diffusion (one cell thick) Large lumen
26
Where do the veins carry blood?
To the heart
27
What type of blood do the veins carry?
Most deoxygenated | Pulmonary to heart and umbilical from placenta into foetus carry oxygenated
28
What two veins carry the blood into the heart?
Inferior vena cava from lower body | Superior vena cava from upper body
29
What are the main feature of veins?
``` Relatively large lumen Smooth inner surface Thin layer of smooth muscle with few elastic fibres Outer tough layer Can hold a large volume of blood Contain semilunar valves ```
30
What muscle does the heart contain?
Cardiac
31
What properties does cardiac muscle have?
Doesn't fatigue | Myogenic
32
What does the inferior vena cava do?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium
33
What does the superior vena cava do?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium
34
What type of blood does the right heart carry?
Deoxygenated
35
What type of blood does the left heart carry?
Oxygenated
36
What does the right atrium do?
Receives blood from the great veins Opens tricuspid valve Fills right ventricle with blood
37
What are the main features of the tricuspid valve?
Made of three flaps Known as atrioventricular valve Prevents back-flow Tendinous cords prevent turning inside out
38
What does the right ventricle do?
Fills with high pressure blood from atrium | Pumps blood into pulmonary artery through semilunar valves
39
What are the main features of the pulmonary veins?
Returns blood from lungs to left atrium | Low pressure
40
Which side of the heart is more muscles?
The right side
41
What artery does the left ventricle pump blood through?
The aorta
42
What are the three stages of the cardiac cycle?
Atrial systole Ventricular systole Diastole
43
What happens in diastole?
The heart is relaxed Semilunar valves closed and AV open Heart fills with blood
44
What happens in atrial systole?
Atria contracts | Blood forced into ventricle
45
What happens in ventricular systole?
Ventricle contracts | Blood pumped out of the heart
46
What is intrinsic rhytmicity?
Where the hearts cells contracts in a rhythm before the heart is formed
47
What controls the heart rate?
The cardiovascular centre
48
How does atherosclerosis form?
Endothelial cells damaged Lipids build-up Platelets form cap over fatty plague
49
Where is atherosclerosis more likely to form?
Arteries
50
What can cause atherosclerosis?
High blood pressure | Smoking
51
What is an atheroma?
Fatty deposit
52
What does atherosclerosis cause?
Increased blood pressure (smaller artery) Aneurysm (weakened artery wall) Split blood vessels Stroke
53
What are the two most common types of heart disease?
Angina and myocardial infarction
54
What causes angina?
Plague build-up in coronary arteries Heart muscle gets less oxygen Heart muscle anaerobically respires Pain in the chest
55
How is angina treated?
``` Low-fat diet Regular exercise Losing weight Not smoking Drugs which cause dilation Heart bypass surgery ```
56
What cause a heart attack (Myocardial infarction)?
Blocked coronary artery
57
What is a clot formed in a blood vessel called?
Thrombosis
58
What causes a stroke?
Interruption in blood supply to the brain
59
What are the symptoms of stroke?
``` Dizziness Confusion Slurred speech Blurred vision Numbness ```
60
What are the treatments for strokes?
Clot-busting drugs
61
What are the macronutrients we need in our diet?
Carbohydrates Proteins Fats/lipids
62
What are the micronutrients we need in our diet?
Mineral salts | Vitamins
63
Why do we need carbohydrates?
Energy | Broken down into glucose
64
Why do we need lipids in our diet?
Energy | Excess stored as body fat
65
Why do we need protein in our diet?
Broken down into amino acids | Some amino acids the body does not make
66
Why do we need mineral salts?
Calcium - skeleton/ teeth, contraction and clotting | Sodium - nerves to work, contraction and heartbeat
67
Why do we need vitamin C?
Form connective tissue | Prevent scurvy
68
What does scurvy cause?
Bleeding gums Easy bruising Painful joints
69
Why do we need fibre?
Holds water | Provides bulk for the intestinal muscles
70
What are the main features of monosaccharides?
Sugars (CH2O)n Join in condensation reaction
71
What are the main features of disaccharides?
Form in condensation reaction Glycosidic bond (C6H10O5)n
72
What are the main features of sucrose?
Stored in plants like sugar beet/cane Glucose + fructose 1,4 - glycosidic bond
73
What are the main features of lactose?
Found in milk Glucose + galactose 1,4 - glycosidic bond
74
What are the main features of maltose?
Found in germinating seed like barley Glucose + glucose 1,4 - glycosidic bond
75
What are the main features of amylose?
Only 1,4 - glycosidic bonds Single chain Forms a spiral
76
What are the main features of amylopectin?
1,4 - glycosidic bonds and 1,6 - glycosidic bonds | Branched
77
What reaction breaks disaccharides?
Hydrolysis
78
What is starch made up of?
Amylose and amylopectin | Can be store of energy or for sudden release
79
What are the main features of glycogen?
1,4 - glycosidic bonds and 1,6 - glycosidic bonds Animal starch Compact Many side branches
80
What are the main features of lipids?
Good insulators | Made of three fatty acids and a glycerol
81
What is glycerol?
Propan-1,2,3-triol | All on same side
82
How do glycerol and a fatty acids combine?
Esterification/condensation reaction Ester bond formed If three fatty acids on - triglyceride
83
In what reaction do amino acids react together?
Condensation reactions | Peptide bond
84
What is the formula of an amino acid?
NCC NH2 H-C-R COOH
85
What bonds are in proteins?
Peptide bonds Hydrogen bonds Sulphur bridges (R group) Ionic bonds
86
What is the primary structure of a protein?
Linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide
87
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
The repeating pattern in the structure of the peptide chains a-helix B-pleated sheet
88
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
The 3D folding of the secondary structure
89
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
The 3D arrangement of more than one tertiary polypeptide
90
What are the main features of fibrous proteins?
Little or no tertiary structure Long, parallel polypeptide chains with occasional cross-linkages forming fibres Insoluble in water Tough
91
What are the main features of globular proteins?
Complex tertiary and maybe quaternary structures Folded into spherical shapes Form a colloid
92
What are the main features of a conjugated protein?
Joined to prosthetic group | Haemoglobin
93
What are lipoproteins?
Proteins conjugated with lipids | Low-density (LDL) or HDL
94
What is the basal metabolic rate?
Minimum energy needed to live
95
How is BMI calculated?
Weight (kg) / height^2 (m^2)
96
What is risk?
The probability that a particular event will happen
97
What is valid?
Properly designed to answer the questions being asked
98
What is reliable?
Repeatable
99
What factors can affect risk of CVD?
``` Smoking Weight Exercise Stress Diet - want less LDL and more HDL ```
100
What are drugs that reduce blood pressure?
Antihypertensives
101
What are some antihypertensives and how do they work?
Diuretics - Urinate - remove excess so less blood Beta blockers - slow heart rate Sympathetic nerve inhibitors - prevent rise in blood pressure ACE inhibitors - prevent angiotensin from being produced - no constriction
102
How do statins work?
Lower cholesterol levels Improve LDL and HDL balance Reduce inflammation
103
What are side effects of statins?
Very small chance of fatal muscle inflammation | Small chance of liver failure
104
What are plant stanols (sterols)?
Similar to cholesterol | Reduce amount of cholesterol absorbed
105
What are some anticoagulants and what do they do?
Warfarin - Interferes with prothrombin production | Platelet inhibitor drugs- make platelets less sticky
106
What are colloids?
Solutions with larger solute particles than solvent particles

Biology Unit 1 (3 decks)

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