Topic 1- Lifestyle, Health and Risk

Question 1

What is the difference between a single and double circulatory system?

Answer 1

The double goes through the heart twice. To the lungs, back to the heart, to the body, back to the heart, to the lungs…

Question 2

Name an animal with a single circulatory system

Answer 2

A Fish

Question 3

Name an animal that has a double circulatory system

Answer 3

A Human

Question 4

what brings de-oxygenated blood back to the heart

Answer 4

the Vena Cava

Question 5

what takes oxygenated blood out of the heart

Answer 5

the Aorta

Question 6

what is between the atrium and ventricle

Answer 6

atrioventricular valves (bicuspid and tricuspid)

Question 7

show the pathway of blood through the heart

Answer 7

VC - RA - AV - RV - PA - L - PV - LA - AV - LV - A - Body

Question 8

what gives the heart energy

Answer 8

diffusion of minerals from the blood in the coronary arteries.

Question 9

What is the hardening of the arteries

Answer 9

Atherosclerosis

Question 10

What is Atherosclerosis

Answer 10

Atherosclerosis- Atherosclerosis is a specific form of arteriosclerosis in which an artery-wall thickens as a result of invasion and accumulation of white blood cells and proliferation of intimal-smooth-muscle cell creating a fibrofatty plaque.

Question 11

What is diffusion

Answer 11

Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Question 12

Characteristics of veins

Answer 12

Veins

• Valves- pocket valves to prevent backflow
• Venous wall is thinner due to less muscles and fewer collagen fibres and elastic fibres
• Wider lumen
• Lower pressure
• Less elastic recoil

Question 13

Characteristics of arteries

Answer 13

Arteries

• No valves
• Wider walls due to more muscle, collagen fibres and elastic fibers
• Narrower lumen
• Higher pressure
• More elastic recoil

Question 14

Characteristics of Capillaries

Answer 14

Capillaries

• one cell thick
• 5 to 20 micrometers in diameter
• thin walls allow for easier and more efficient diffusion

Question 15

Why do veins have valves

Answer 15

to prevent back flow from lower pressure de-oxygenated blood.

Question 16

Why does the Aorta have a valve

Answer 16

This prevents back flow as the heart relaxes in cardiac diastole after ventricular systole.

Question 17

What are the three main stages of the Cardiac Cycle.

Answer 17

Atrial Systole, Ventricular Systole and Cardiac Diastole.

Question 18

Why is water dipolar

Answer 18

The covalent bond between the oxygen and hydrogen results in the water having a slight charge. This means that there are inter-molecular hydrogen bonds.

Question 19

why is di polarity in water important.

Answer 19

It allows the water to be a good solvent. It also means oils won’t.

Question 20

What is Mass Transport

Answer 20

movement of specialized tissues around the body

Question 21

Characteristics of water

Answer 21

Properties of water-
Has an attraction to most chemicals and itself ( cohesion and adhesion)
Dissolves chemicals easily. (universal solvent)
Creates hydration shells around charged ions (e.g. na and cl)
High specific heat capacity.

Question 22

First stage of Atherosclerosis

Answer 22

the endothelium becomes damaged due to too high a blood pressure or can get damaged by toxins in cigarette smoke for example.

Question 23

Second stage of Atherosclerosis

Answer 23

after breached the body calls for an inflammatory response. White blood cells leave the blood vessel and move into the artery wall. These cells accumulate chemicals from the blood particularly cholesterol. A deposit builds up called an Atheroma

Question 24

Third stage of Atherosclerosis

Answer 24

Calcium salts and fibrous tissue also build up on the site and this results in heard swelling called plaque on the inner wall of the artery. The build up of fibrous tissue results in the artery losing its elasticity.

Question 25

Final Stage of Atherosclerosis

Answer 25

The plaque causes the artery to get narrower meaning it’s harder to pump blood through them. This causes blood pressure to increase and leads to a dangerous positive feedback building up. Raised blood pressure means plaque is more likely to form and this causes further increase in pressure meaning more will form and so on.

Question 26

What does Systolic mean

Answer 26

Contraction of the heart

Question 27

what does Diastolic mean

Answer 27

Relaxing of the heart

Question 28

What is Atrial systole.

Answer 28

Blood flows from the atrium to ventricles after the atrium contract. the blood goes through the atrioventricular valves ( Bicuspid and Tricuspid )

Question 29

What is Ventricular Systole

Answer 29

The ventricles contract from the base upwards. This increases the pressure and then the blood flows through the semi lunar valves.

Question 30

What is Cardiac Diastole.

Answer 30

This is the relaxing of the heart. The Atria and ventricles relax and the blood from the arteries is drawn back towards the heart. The semi lunar valves and atrioventricular valves close. The closing of the valves make the sounds of the heart

Question 31

what makes the ‘lub’ sound

Answer 31

the closing of the atrioventricular valves

Question 32

what makes the ‘dub’ sound

Answer 32

the closing of the semi lunar valves.

Question 33

What are the 7 main risk factors in causing CHD

Answer 33

Inactivity
Smoking
Diet
Age
Gender
Genetics
High Blood Pressure

Question 34

How does smoking affect the blood pressure.

Answer 34

• Nicotine increases adrenaline which increases heart rate . This constricts arteries and causes a rise in Blood pressure.
• Haemoglobin carries carbon monoxide instead of oxygen. This makes the body increase the blood pressure to get oxygen around the body as there is less oxygen then normal.
• Chemicals and toxins can damage the endothelial tissue and this triggers atherosclerosis