Topic 1 - Lifestyle/health + Risk Flashcards

Question

Water as an ideal transport medium Thermal properties

Answer 1

- High specific latent heat capacity - Many hydrogen bonds require lots of energy to break - allows organism to maintain steady internal temp even when external conditions change

Answer 2

Probability of an unwanted outcome/event occurring. Usually in the context of hazards: anything that can potentially cause harm

Answer 3

How likely you are to develope a disease over time. Found by dividing the number of disease cases in pop by total pop

Answer 4

Probability as a % increase or decrease relative to a changed factor. Eg exercise decreases risk of CVD

Answer 5

- Risk is voluntary - Risk is natural - risk is fair - consequences of risk are in the long-term

Answer 6

-risk is forced -risk is unknown -risk is unfair Consequenxes are in the shor-term

Answer 7

``` Age Heritage Social environment Physical environment Lifestyle abd behavour choices Diet ```

Answer 8

Correlation: when change in one variable affects the other Causal link: when one change in a variable cause a direct change in the other variable

Answer 9

Large group of people are followed over a long tjme to see who does and does not develop the disease of study One group, no one has disease at the start. Those who do and don't develop disease are compared OR One group is exposed to risk factkrs and one is not Results are compared in a sum total at the end of the study

Answer 10

Group of people who have the disease are compared with a control who do not Risk factors they have been exposed to are assessed Diseased group + control group taken from well representing sample Histories are taken from each group Common risk factors are assessed and analysed to determine why one group did not develop disease

Answer 11

``` Clear aim Representative sample Valid and reliable results Sample size Control over variables ```

Answer 12

- High Bp/cholesterol - Obesity - Genetic inheritance - Inactivity - Smoking

Answer 13

Bp is a measure of the hydrostatic force of blood against the walls of a blood vessel, generated by a pumping heart. Systolic bp: pressure found in arteries as heart contracts forcing blood into arteries Diastolic bp: lowest pressure found when ventricles relax

Answer 14

Sphygomomanometer is used, consists of: - Inflatable cuff that is wrapped around the upper arm - Manometer that measures pressure and stethoscope

Answer 15

1st: taken when bp is at systolic pressure in the artery that has been closed 2nd: taken when no sound can be heard this is the lowest pressure, diastole presssure

Answer 16

Systole ÷ diastole (mmHg) Norm between 140/100 systolic and 140/90 diastole

Answer 17

Contact between blood and walls of blood vessel which causes friction and impedes blood flow

Answer 18

Vessel constricts Lumen narrows Resistance increases and Bp rises Opposite happens when the artery or ateriol relaxes

Answer 19

Loss of elasticity due to age High salt diet Release of hormones like adrenaline

Answer 20

1) Arterial end of capillary under high pressure 2) Forcing fluid and small molecules into gaps between capillary walls into intermolecular spaces (forming tissue fluid) 3) Tissue fluid drains into network of lymph capillaries which returns fluid to the blood via lymph vessel that empties in vena cava

Answer 21

Sugar and starch are classified as carbohydrates Cx(H2O)n Carbohydrates store and provide energy

Answer 22

(CH2O)n They contain 6 carbons = hexose sugars Ring of 5 Cs with 6th C projected above/below structure - Monosaccharides are easily absorbed + rapidly release energy - little or no change required before being used in respiration

Answer 23

- Found in fruit + some veg | - sweetness attracts animals helping fruit to reproduce

Answer 24

- Main sugar used in respiration - When starch or glycogen digests glucose is produced This can easily be absorbed and transported by blood stream

Answer 25

- Found as part of lactose - Shares same molecular formula as glucose C6H12O6 -OH groups on Carbon 1 and four are different compared to glucose

Answer 26

Two single units join in condensation reaction, water molecule released when two sugars join Glycosidic bonds formed between units, bonds can be broken through hydrolysis

Answer 27

- Formed from glucuse and fructose - main form in which sugar is transported around a plant 1.4 glycosidic bond

Answer 28

- Formed from two glucose molecules - Disaccharide found when amylase breaks down starch 1.4 glycosidic bond

Answer 29

-Formed from glucose + galactose People with lactose intolerance can have hydrolised milk 1.4 glycosidic bond

Answer 30

- Compact molecules - Low solubility in water - Do not affect conc of water in cytoplasm, do not affect osmosis

Answer 31

- Found in plants - 1.4 glycosidic bonds between adjacent glucose molecules - Position of bonds causes chain to coil into single chain

Answer 32

- A polymer of glucose but has branches and long chains - 1.6 and 1.4 glycosidic bonds - Found in plants

Answer 33

- Used in bacteria fungi and animals as an energy store instead of starch - Polymer consists of glucose molecules - Multiple branches means easily hydrolised - 1.4 and 1.6 glycosidic bonds

Answer 34

- Non-starch polysaccharide | - Found in plants, 1.4 glycosidic bonds forming long chains

Answer 35

Term used to describe fats and oils Provides double the energy that carbs Large amounts of energy can be stored in small masses Insoluble in water Lipids we eat = triglycerides made from 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerole Bond formed = ester bond, 3 ester bonds in each trigylceride Joined though condensation reaction

Answer 36

- Single C-C bonds - Hydrocarbon has MAX amount of hydrogen atoms - Straight saturated hydrocarbon chain = can be tightly packed - Strong bonds between trigluceride fatty acids = fat solid at rt

Answer 37

- One C=C between each fatty acid chain - Polyunsaturated fats have many double bonds causing kinks in hydrogen chains = cant be compact - Weak intermolecular forces of attraction due to kink = fat liquid at rt

Answer 38

Short lipid molecule essential for good health - Made in our liver from saturated fats - Found in diet (like egg) Insoluble cholesterol binds with proteins to form lipoproteins which can be transported in blood

Answer 39

Low density lipoproteins Main cholesterol carrier in blood Consists of: saturated triglyceride, cholesterol and protein Transported from the liver to blood, maintains cell membrane - circulates in blood till needed Excess LDL = higher blood cholesterol LDL cholesterol can be deposited in arteries forming atheromas

Answer 40

High density lipoproteins Reduces platelet aggression, lowers risk of cvd Consists of: unsaturated triglycerides, cholesterol and protein Transports cholesterol from blood to liver where its broken down Lowers blood cholesterol, prevents fatty plaques Higher % of protein compared to LDLs

Answer 41

Saturated fats: increase both LDL and HDL cholesterol, increase LDL more Unsaturated fats: Increase both but greater decrease in LDL cholesterol, HDL:LDL ratio increases Low fat diets that avoid saturated fats reduce blood cholesterol, esspecially LDL

Answer 42

Dietry reference values Provide average nutrient requirements for men and women of different ages EAR - estimated average requirement LRNI - lower reference nutrient intake HRNI - higher reference nutrient intake

Answer 43

Supply fat to diet but also essential fatty acids that body cannot synthesise Fat must be present in diet to avoid deficiency symptoms

Answer 44

``` Basal metabolic rate, higher in: Men Heavy people Active people Young people ```

Answer 45

Body mass index = Mass (kg) ÷ height ^2 (m) <20 = underweight 20 - 24.9 = healthy 25 - 29.9 = obese

Answer 46

Waist circumference ÷ hip circumference = Waist:Hip Men shouldn't have a ratio above 0.9 Women shouldn't have a ratio above 0.85

Answer 47

Risk is higher in men As arteries age they lose elasticity and are more prone to damage

Answer 48

High salt in diet causes kidneys to retain water, higher fluid levels in blood raises bp which is associated with CVD

Answer 49

Unstable radicals (atoms with an unpaired electron) can damage genetic material + enzymes, vitamins can protect against radical damage

Answer 50

Carbon monoxide from smoke binds to haemoglobin instead of Oxygen, heart pumps faster in order to supply enough O2 to cells. Nicotine causes adrenalin to be released, narrowing arteries and raising bp Chemicals in smoke can lead to atherosclerosis

Answer 51

Moderate exercise helps keep a low bp, also increases HDL cholesterol without increasing LDL cholesterol Helps maintain healthy weight

Answer 52

Sudden exposure to stress releases adrenalin, which causes arteries to constrict - raising bp

Answer 53

Can increase weight/bp and cause irregular heartbeats , damages liver's ability to remove fats/lipids Moderate intake can increase HDL cholesterol

Answer 54

``` Stopping smoking moderate use of alcohol maintaining low bp maintaining healthy BMI Regular cardiovascular exercise ```

Answer 55

``` Reduced saturated fats More polyunsaturated fats Reduced cholesterol Reduced salt More non-starch polysaccharides More fruits and veg ```

Answer 56

Plant sterols and stanols are found in yoghurt and margarines, they have a similar structure to cholesterol. Lowers blood cholesterol. best when consumed at recommended amounts.

Answer 57

It blocks enzymes in liver that makes cholesterol and LDLs. Reduces inflammation of artery walls. Can cause dizziness, joint pain, liver damage, headaches and muscle inflammation.

Answer 58

Increases amounts of urine made by kidneys reducing excess fluid and salt in the body. Leads to decrease in blood plasma volume and cardiac output therefor decreasing bp. Can cause: Dizziness Nausea Muscle cramps

Answer 59

Makes platelets less sticky, less able to form clots Side effects: Blood in urine Nose bleeds Heavy bleeding from cuts

Answer 60

Prevents prothrombin being made in body, no clotting cascade Side effects: Sudden back pain Bleeding gums Difficulty breathing

Topic 1 - Lifestyle/health + Risk Flashcards

(84 cards)