Topic 1 - Risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 1

What is the process that leads to blood clotting

Answer 1

1. Damage to the blood vessel wall (endothelium) exposes collegen
2. platlets stick to each other and the damaged walls to form a platlet plug
3. cascade of chemical changes is triggered
4. Thromboplastin is relased from damaged tissue and platlets and Ca2+ & Vitiman k is present in plasma
5. This produces prothrombin which cverts into throbrin
6. Which produces a soluble plasma protien called fibrinogrn which coverts into an insoluble fibrin
7. fibrin mesh traps cells forming a clot

Question 2

What is atherosclerosis

Answer 2

Narrowing of arteies due to the build up of fatty deposits overtime causing hardening to artery walls

Question 3

Explain the process of atherosclerosis

Answer 3

1. Damage to the endothelium which exposes collagen
2. Causes a inflammatory response
3. large white blood cells enter wall
4. cholestrol accumulates - build up of low density lipoprotiens
5. Atheroma forms in lining of endothelium
6. calcium salts and fibrous tissues accumulate
7. cause the hardening of atheroma to form a hard plaque
8. artery loses elasticity and narrows
9. increases blood pressure

Question 4

Explain why high blood pressure increases the risk of CVD

Answer 4

• An increase of BP can increase the chance of damage to the endothelium
• Which would increase the chance of atheroma forming
• which would increase the chance of a blood clot forming
• meaning there woiuld be less blood flow, restricting the oxygen supply to the heart

Question 5

What is risk

Answer 5

Chance of something unfavourable happening to you

Question 6

Define correlation

Answer 6

When two factors have a link

Question 7

Define causation

Answer 7

When two factors are directly responsibe for the other factor

Question 8

Why do people overestimate risk

Answer 8

• May have known someone affected by it
• articles in the media
• constant exposure can lead to constant worry
• consequences are sudden

Question 9

Why do people underestimate risk

Answer 9

• lack of information - unaware of the factors
• factors may be volentary or cosidered natural
• factor is not feared

Question 10

What are some controlled risks of CVD

Answer 10

• Stess
• Smoking
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Diet
• LDL:HDL
• Obesity
• Antioxidents
• Salts

Question 11

What are some uncontrolled risks of CVD

Answer 11

• Genetics
• Gender
• Age

Question 12

How can smoking/stress lead to an increase risk of CVD

Answer 12

• Increas of BP
• Increase risk of atherosclerosis

Question 13

How can Age lead to an increae risk of CVD

Answer 13

• Aterialsclerosis
• Causing hardening of arteries
• Inreases chance of damage
• Increases chance of atherosclerosis

Question 14

How can an inbalance in LDL:HDL cause an increase of risk for CVD

Answer 14

• Increase of LDL:HDL
• Increases blood cholestrol
• Increases the chance of atherosclerosis

Question 15

What are some overall factors to consider in reducing the risk of CVD

Answer 15

• Don’t smoke
• maintain a BP between 140/90
• Maintain a low blood cholestrol
• Maintain a normal BMI + Low waist to hip ration
• Regular exercise
• moderate or no use of alcohol

Question 16

What are some dietary strategies to consider in reducing the risk of CVD

Answer 16

• Maintain a high HDL:LDL ratio
• more polyunsaturated fat
• Reduce salt intake
• More fruit and veg
• More oily fish
• More non-starch polysaccharides

Question 17

Why are people overweight

Answer 17

• Energy inbalance - Energy in > energy out
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Diet - make LDL more than HDL - saturated fats
• Genetics - metabolic rate

Question 18

What is a neutral energy balance

Answer 18

• Stable body weight
• Energy out = Energy in

Question 19

What is a positive energy balance

Answer 19

• weight gain
• Energy out < energy in

Question 20

What is a negative energy balance

Answer 20

• Weight loss
• Energy out > energy in

Question 21

How to calculate BMI

Answer 21

BMI = weight (Kg)/ Height(m)2