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Human Biology 🧬 > Topic 1 - The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Topic 1 - The Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What gland releases Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)?

A

Anterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland.

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2
Q

What is the target organ and effect of FSH in females?

A

Ovaries – Maturation and growth of ovarian follicles.

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3
Q

What is the target organ and effect of FSH in males?

A

Testes – Production of sperm.

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4
Q

What gland releases Luteinising Hormone (LH)?

A

Anterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland.

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5
Q

What is the target organ and effect of LH in females?

A

Ovaries – Ovulation and maintenance of the corpus luteum.

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6
Q

What is the target organ and effect of LH in males?

A

Testes – Secretion of testosterone.

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7
Q

What gland releases the Growth Hormone (GH)?

A

Anterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland.

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8
Q

What is the target organ and effect of Growth Hormone (GH)?

A

All Cells - Growth and protein synthesis in all cells.

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9
Q

What gland releases the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?

A

Anterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland.

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10
Q

What is the target organ and effect of the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?

A

Adrenal Cortex - Secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex.

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11
Q

What gland releases Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

A

Anterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland.

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11
Q

What is the target organ and effect of TSH?

A

Thyroid Gland – Secretion of hormones from the thyroid.

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12
Q

What gland releases Prolactin (PRL)?

A

Anterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland.

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13
Q

What is the target organ and effect of Prolactin?

A

Mammary Glands - Stimulates milk production.

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14
Q

What gland releases Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

A

Posterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland.

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15
Q

What is the target organ and effect of ADH?

A

Kidneys – Reabsorption of water.

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16
Q

What gland releases Oxytocin (OT)?

A

Posterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland.

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17
Q

What is the effect of Oxytocin (OT) during childbirth and lactation?

A

Uterus – Contractions during childbirth.

Mammary Glands – Release of milk.

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18
Q

What gland releases Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)?

A

Thyroid Gland.

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19
Q

What is the effect of T4 and T3?

A

Increases metabolic rate, oxygen consumption, and heat production on most cells.

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20
Q

What gland releases Calcitonin?

A

Thyroid Gland.

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21
Q

What is the effect of Calcitonin?

A

Decreases calcium and phosphate levels in the blood (acts on bones and kidneys).

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22
Q

What is the effect of the Parathyroid hormone?

A

Increases calcium levels in the blood (acts on bones and kidneys).

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23
Q

What hormone is secreted by the Thymus and what is its function?

A

Thymosin – Development and maturation of T lymphocytes.

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24
What gland releases Aldosterone?
Adrenal Cortex.
25
What is the target organ and function of Aldosterone?
Kidneys – Increases reabsorption of sodium ions and excretion of potassium ions.
26
What gland releases Cortisol?
Adrenal Cortex.
27
What is the function of Cortisol?
Promotes normal metabolism, helps the body deal with stress, and promotes repair of damaged tissue.
28
What hormones are secreted by the Adrenal Medulla?
Adrenaline and Noradrenaline.
29
What is the effect of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline?
Fight or flight response, reinforcing the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
30
What gland releases Insulin?
Pancreas.
31
What is the effect of Insulin?
Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells and decreases blood glucose levels.
32
What gland releases Glucagon?
Pancreas.
33
What is the effect of Glucagon?
Stimulates breakdown of glycogen and fat to increase blood glucose levels.
34
What gland releases Testosterone?
Testes.
35
What is the effect of Testosterone?
- Sperm production. - Growth of skeleton and muscles. - Development of male sex characteristics.
36
What gland is Oestrogen released from?
Ovaries.
37
What are the effects of Oestrogens?
- Regulate menstrual cycle. - Stimulate development of female sex characteristics.
38
What gland is Progesterone released from?
Ovaries.
39
What is the function of Progesterone?
- Regulates the menstrual cycle. - Prepares mammary glands for milk production.
40
What gland is Melatonin released from?
Pineal Gland.
41
What is the effect of Melatonin?
Affects sleep patterns.
42
What is the endocrine system?
The endocrine system is a collection of glands that produce and secrete hormones to regulate body functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
43
What is a hormone?
A hormone is a chemical messenger secreted by endocrine glands and transported through the bloodstream to target cells, where it triggers a specific response.
44
What are exocrine glands?
Glads that secrete substances unto ducts that carry them to the body's surfaces or cavities.
45
What are endocrine glands?
Dusctless glands that secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid that surrounds the gland.
46
What is enzyme amplification?
A single hormone molecule can trigger a cascade effect, activating many enzymes at each step. This results in a large-scale cellular response.
47
What is hormone clearance?
After a hormone has completed its function, it is broken down by the liver and excreted by the kidneys.
48
What is hormone saturation?
Occurs when all receptors on cells are occupied by hormone molecules. This means the addition of any more hormones will not produce a greater effect.
49
How can hormones change the function of a cell?
1) Activate specific genes to produce a particular type of enzyme or protein. 2) Change the shape or structure of an enzyme so that the enzyme can be activated or deactivated. 3) Modify the production rate of enzymes by changing the rate of transcription and translation. 4) Change the type, activity or quantity of proteins produced.
50
What are lipid-soluble hormones (steroid hormones)?
- Derived from cholesterol. - Nonpolar/hydrophobic (meaning that the hormone can easily diffuse across the cell membrane). - Requires carrier proteins in the bloodstream to travel to their target cells. - Influences transcription and translation by changing the type or quantity of protein produced. - Effects are slow but are longer lasting. Examples include testosterone, oestrogen and cortisol.
51
What is the mechanism of action for lipid-soluble hormones (steroid hormones)?
1) The hormone passes directly through the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm. 2) The hormone then binds to a receptor either attached to organelles or within the nucleus. 3) The receptor shape matches that of the hormones to form a hormone-receptor complex. 4) The hormone-receptor complex activates certain genes in the cell to regulate gene expression.
52
What are water-soluble hormones (protein and amine hormones)?
- Composed of proteins. - Polar/hydrophilic (meaning the hormone can't diffuse across the cell membrane). - Dissolves in the blood plasma. - Activates or influences enzyme activity, ion channels or other cell function. - Effects are fast but short-lived. Examples include insulin, glucagon and adrenaline.
53
What is the mechanism of action for water-soluble hormones (protein and amine hormones)?
1) The hormone binds to a receptor on the surface of the cell membrane. 2) The binding stimulates the creation of a secondary messenger substance that diffuses inside the cell. 3) The secondary messenger then activates or directly influences the activity of particular enzymes.
54
What is the structure of the anterior pituitary gland?
It is connected to the hypothalamus via blood vessels in the infundibulum.
55
Does the anterior pituitary gland produce its own hormones?
Yes, the anterior pituitary produces and stores its own hormones.
55
What is the structure of the posterior pituitary gland?
It is connected to the hypothalamus via nerve cells in the infundibulum.
55
Does the posterior pituitary gland produce its own hormones?
No, neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus produce the hormones for the posterior pituitary gland which only stores and releases them.
55
How is the anterior pituitary gland controlled?
The hypothalamus secretes releasing or inhibiting factors which control the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.
56
How is the posterior pituitary gland controlled?
The hypothalamus stimulates the release of hormones via nerve impulses.
57
What is hyperthyroidism?
Occurs when the body produces too much thyroxine.
58
What is an example of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease.
59
What are causes of hyperthyroidism?
It is an autoimmune reaction that results in the production of thyroid stimulating immunoglobin which imitates the effects of thyroid stimulating hormone.
60
What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
- Rapid heart rate - Sweating - Weight loss - Fatigue - Increased appetite - Anxiety
61
What are treatments for hyperthyroidism?
- Surgery - Medication - Drinking radioactive iodine
62
What is hypothyroidism?
Occurs when the body produces too little thyroxine.
63
What is an example of hypothyroidism?
Hashimotos disease
64
What are causes of hypothyroidism?
It can be due to lack of iodine in diet or an autoimmune reaction that attacks the cells of the thyroid gland.
65
What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?
- Slow heart rate - Intolerance to cold - Unexplained weight gain - Fatigue - Goitre
66
What are treatments for hypothyroidism?
- Add more iodine in diet. - Undergo hormone replacement therapy.
67
What is type 1 diabetes?
It is a autoimmune disease and it is when the body doesn't produce enough insulin.
68
What is the onset for type 1 diabetes?
Early childhood and the onset of symptoms occur more rapidly.
69
What are the causes for type 1 diabetes?
It is an autoimmune reaction that destroys the body's beta cells.
70
What are symptoms for type 1 diabetes?
- Excessive thirst - Frequent urination - Fatigue - Weight loss
71
What is a treatment for type 1 diabetes?
Regular insulin needs to be administered.
72
What is type 2 diabetes?
It is a lifestyle disease and it is when target cells do not respond to insulin.
73
What is the onset for type 2 diabetes?
Occurs later in life (45+) and the onset of symptoms occur gradually.
74
What are the causes for type 2 diabetes?
Usually occurs due to poor lifestyle.
75
What are symptoms for type 2 diabetes?
- Excessive thirst - Frequent urination - Fatigue - Excessive hunger - Sores that don't heal
76
What is a treatment for type 2 diabetes?
There is no treatment but rather symptoms can be managed through lifestyle changes and metformine medication.

Human Biology 🧬 (6 decks)

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